<p>The Egmont Islands or Egmont Atoll, also known as Six Iles, is an uninhabited atoll administered by the United Kingdom. They are one of the few emerged coral atolls that make up the Chagos Archipelago, British Indian Ocean Territory.</p><br>
<p>This small atoll lies less than 10 km south of the southwestern rim of the Great Chagos Bank submerged coral reef. The nearest island is Danger Island on the Great Chagos Bank, less than 30 km due north. Its total size is 29 km², including the lagoon and the fringing coral reef. The land area totals about 4 km².</p><br>
<p>There are two passages into the lagoon along the Northern Rim, Fausse Passe in the northeast and a wider passage in the northwest. The Egmont Islands are one of the favorite anchoring spots for itinerant yachtsmen passing through the Chagos.</p><br>
<h2>Islands</h2><br>
<p>The largest island is "Île Sud-Est" (Eastern Egmont), where the settlement was located, with an area of 1.5 km². While "Île Lubine" is similar in size, the other islets are smaller. All islands are covered with coconut trees.</p><br>
<p>The individual islands are all on the southern rim of the coral reef. They are, from southeast to northwest:</p><br>
<p>Île Sud-Est</p><br>
<p>Île Takamaka</p><br>
<p>Île Carre Pate</p><br>
<p>Île Lubine</p><br>
<p>Île Cipaye</p><br>
<p>Île aux Rats</p><br>
<p>West of Ile aux Rats there was a small islet known as Ilot aux Rats (Ile des Rats) which has now merged with Ile aux Rats. Ile Cipaye is also spelled Sipaille and Cipaille. Isle Carre Pate is also spelled Carpathe. On some maritime charts Ile Takamaka is spelled as Tattamucca.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Ile Sudest, the largest island, was first settled in the last half of the 18th century, at the time when the other atolls of the Chagos were settled by the French.</p><br>
<p>Commander Robert Moresby made a survey of this atoll and charted it in 1838. At that time there was a coconut plantation on this atoll. A causeway had been built linking the islands and some land reclamation was done. Eventually some of the islands merged with each other.</p><br>
<p>The Egmont Islands were no longer inhabited in the second half of the 20th century, at the time that the Chagossians or Ilois were evicted from the Chagos.</p><br>
<p>In 1972–73 there was an underwater expedition to the Egmont Islands by the Joint Services (JSEI). Led by Sqn Leader “Dickie” Bird RAF, it was the first expedition of its kind in the Chagos. Cdr Alan Baldwin RN was the Deputy Leader and the scientific work was carried out under the direction of Dr David Bellamy. Its aim was to study coral reef formation and growth, as well as the islands&#39; flora and fauna. The expedition members were taken from Gan, Addu Atoll by RFA Gold Ranger to Egmont Atoll and after their survey was completed they were brought back to Gan by RFA Stromness. Following its success, a second expedition was undertaken to Danger Island the following year.</p><br>
<p>Glyder Fawr is a mountain in Snowdonia, Wales, the highest peak in the Glyderau range at just over 1,000 metres, having had its height recalculated in 2010 using GPS. It is the fifth-highest mountain in Wales and has several walking and scrambling routes leading to its summit. According to Sir Ifor Williams, the word "Glyder" derives from the Welsh word "Gludair", meaning a heap of stones.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Glyder Fawr is part of the Glyderau mountain range which lies to the northeast of the Snowdon massif, separated from that mountain by the Llanberis Pass and the Nant Peris Valley. Going from west to east, the Glyderau range consists of Elidir Fawr (924 m), Y Garn (947 m), Glyder Fawr (1,001 m), Glyder Fach (994 m) and Tryfan (918 m). To the north of the range lie the Carneddau, separated from the Glyderau by the Ogwen Valley and the Nant Ffrancon Valley. The Glyderau are separated from the surrounding mountain ranges making them stand out clearly from afar and giving them commanding views of the surrounding peaks and valleys. Until late 2010, most maps showed the height of Glyder Fawr to be 999 m; however, the mountain was resurveyed with accurate GPS equipment and its height was found to be 1,000.8 m. A spokesman from the Snowdonia National Park Authority was pleased by the new height, and suggested that now the mountain exceeded 1,000 m, it was sure to attract more walkers to the area.</p><br>
<p>The Glyderau range was formed about five hundred million years ago, when two land masses collided, causing the Snowdonia massif to rise up. Since then, wind, water and frost and the advance and retreat of glaciers during the ice ages have gradually worn down the mountains to their present proportions. The underlying rock is a mixture of volcanic and sedimentary material. The ice sheet of the most recent ice age retreated about ten thousand years ago leaving Cwm Idwal as an example of a cirque. The ice scarred the surrounding cliffs, hollowed out the bed of Llyn Idwal and dumped rocks and other material that formed moraines at its foot. Massive boulders and shattered rocks crashed down from above to form the boulder fields and screes visible today.</p><br>
<h2>Routes to the summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit can be accessed from several directions; one route starts at Ogwen Cottage on the shores of Llyn Idwal and approaches the mountain from the north; another starts at Pen-y-Pass and approaches it from the south; another possibility is to approach it from the east along the ridge from Glyder Fach. Although there is much shattered stone near the summit of Glyder Fach, the ridge between the two summits is fairly level and easy going. A scrambling, circuit route encompasses the three summits of Tryfan, Glyder Fach and Glyder Fawr and takes six or seven hours. One of the most popular routes from Ogwen Cottage follows the shore of Llyn Idwal to the base of the famous Rhiwiau Caws (Idwal Slabs) rock climbing crag, it then makes its way out of the cwm via the steep Twll Du path, arriving at a small lake called Llyn Y Cŵn. From here a steep scree path ascends the western shoulder to the summit of Glyder Fawr.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>The National Trust took over the management of the Glyderau and the Carneddau in 1951 in lieu of death duties on the Penrhyn Estate. The total area is about 7,000 hectares, half of which is common land with registered grazing rights for 45,000 sheep and 741 ponies. There are eight tenanted farms on the estate and the National Trust is responsible for the maintenance of footpaths and drystone walls, some of which date back many hundreds of years. The two mountain ranges form part of the Snowdonia National Park.</p><br>
<p>Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh are four museums that are operated by the Carnegie Institute headquartered in the Carnegie Institute complex in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Carnegie Institute complex that includes the original museum, recital hall, and library was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 30, 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Portfolio</h2><br>
<p>Two of the Carnegie museums, the Carnegie Museum of Natural History and the Carnegie Museum of Art, are both located in the Carnegie Institute and Library complex in Oakland, a landmark building listed on the National Register of Historic Places (ref #79002158, added 1979). It also houses the Carnegie Music Hall and the main branch of the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh. The other two museums, The Andy Warhol Museum and the Carnegie Science Center, are located in separate facilities on Pittsburgh&#39;s North Shore.</p><br>
<h2>Andy Warhol Museum</h2><br>
<h2>Carnegie Museum of Art</h2><br>
<p>When Andrew Carnegie envisioned a museum collection consisting of the "Old Masters of tomorrow", the Carnegie Museum of Art became, arguably, the first museum of modern art in the United States. Founded in 1895, today it continues showcasing contemporary art by staging the Carnegie International exhibition every few years. Numerous significant works from the International exhibitions have been acquired for the museums permanent collection including Winslow Homers The Wreck (1896) and James A. McNeill Whistler&#39;s Arrangement in Black: Portrait of Señor Pablo de Sarasate (1884). The marble Hall of Sculpture replicates the interior of the Parthenon. The Hall of Architecture contains the largest collection of plaster casts of architectural masterpieces in America and one of the three largest in the world. The Heinz Architectural Center, opened as part of the museum in 1993, is dedicated to the collection, study, and exhibition of architectural drawings and models. In 2001 the museum acquired the archive of African-American photographer Charles "Teenie" Harris, consisting of approximately 80,000 photographic negatives spanning from the 1930s to the 1970s. Many of these images have been catalogued and digitized and are available online via the Carnegie Museum of Art.</p><br>
<p>The museum&#39;s permanent collection includes European and American decorative arts from the late seventeenth century to the present, works on paper, paintings, prints (notably Japanese prints), sculptures and installations.</p><br>
<h2>Carnegie Museum of Natural History</h2><br>
<p>From the discovery of Diplodocus carnegii to the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex known to date passing by a brand new, yet-to-be-named species of oviraptorosaur, Carnegie Museum of Natural History has one of the finest dinosaur collections in the world. Other exhibits include Hillman Hall of Minerals and Gems, Alcoa Foundation Hall of American Indians, Polar World: Wyckoff Hall of Arctic Life, Walton Hall of Ancient Egypt, and Benedum Hall of Geology. The museums Powdermill Nature Reserve was established in 1956 to serve as a field station for long-term studies of natural populations, and now forms the core of the museums Center for Biodiversity and Ecosystems. Research teams including Carnegie scientists have made critical discoveries such as Puijila darwini, Castorocauda lutrasimilis, and Hadrocodium wui.</p><br>
<h2>Carnegie Science Center</h2><br>
<p>Opened in 1991, but with a history that dates to October 24, 1939, the Carnegie Science Center is the most visited museum in Pittsburgh. Among its attractions are the newly constructed Buhl Planetarium (which features the latest in digital projection technology), the Rangos Omnimax Theater, SportsWorks, the Miniature Railroad & Village, the USS Requin, a World War II submarine, and Roboworld.</p><br>
<p>Under the leadership of Robert Wilburn, Buhl Science Center merged with the Carnegie Institute, and a new $40 million Carnegie Science Center was constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Falls of Lora is a tidal race which forms at the mouth of Loch Etive when a particularly high tide runs out from the loch. They form white water rapids for two to five days either side of the spring tides.</p><br>
<p>The falls of Lora are generated when the water level in the Firth of Lorn (i.e. the open sea) drops below the level of the water in Loch Etive as the tide goes out. As the seawater in Loch Etive pours out through the narrow mouth of the loch, it passes over a rocky shelf which causes the rapids to form. As the tide rises again there is a period of slack water when the levels are the same on either side. However, due to the narrow entrance to the Loch, the tide rises more quickly than the water can flow into the Loch. Thus there is still considerable turbulence at high tide caused by flow into the Loch. Thus, unlike most situations where slack water is at high and low tides, in the case of the Falls of Lora slack water occurs when the levels on either side are the same, not when the tidal change is at its least. As a result, the tidal range is much greater on the coast than it is inside the loch. A 3 m range at Oban may produce only a 1.3 m at Bonawe on the loch shore.</p><br>
<p>The loch mouth is spanned by Connel Bridge.</p><br>
<p>The race is popular with white water kayakers and divers as well as tourists and photographers.</p><br>
<p>The Old State House is a historic building in Boston, Massachusetts, at the intersection of Washington and State Streets. Built in 1713, it was the seat of the Massachusetts General Court until 1798, and is one of the oldest public buildings in the United States. One of the landmarks on Boston&#39;s Freedom Trail, it is the oldest surviving public building in Boston, and now serves as a history museum operated by the Bostonian Society. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960 and a Boston Landmark by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>The Massachusetts Town House: seat of colony government 1713–1776</h3><br>
<p>Today&#39;s brick Old State House was built in 1712–13, possibly designed by Robert Twelves; the previous building, the wooden Town House of 1657, had burned in the fire of 1711. A notable feature was the pair of seven-foot tall wooden figures depicting a lion and unicorn, symbols of the British monarchy.</p><br>
<p>The building housed a Merchant&#39;s Exchange on the first floor and warehouses in the basement. On the second floor, the east side contained the Council Chamber of the Royal Governor while the west end of the second floor contained chambers for the Courts of Suffolk County and the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court. The central portion contained the chambers for the elected Massachusetts Assembly. This chamber is notable for including public galleries, the first known example of such a feature being included in a chamber for elected officials in the English-speaking world.</p><br>
<p>The interior was rebuilt in 1748, after a fire in 1747 (the brick walls of the 1712–13 building survived the fire).</p><br>
<p>In 1761, James Otis argued against the Writs of Assistance in the Royal Council Chamber. Though he lost the case, Otis influenced public opinion in a way that contributed to the American Revolution; John Adams later wrote of that speech, "Then and there... the child independence was born."</p><br>
<p>On March 5, 1770, The Boston Massacre occurred in front of the building on Devonshire Street. Lieutenant Governor Thomas Hutchinson stood on the building&#39;s balcony to speak to the people, ordering the crowd to return to their homes.</p><br>
<h3>The Massachusetts State House: seat of state government 1776–1798</h3><br>
<p>On July 18, 1776, the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed from the east side balcony to jubilant crowds by Col. Thomas Crafts (one of the Sons of Liberty). At one o&#39;clock Col. Crafts rose in the Council Chamber and read it to the members. Then, fellow patriot Sheriff William Greenleaf attempted to read it from the balcony, but he could only muster a whisper. Col. Crafts then stood next to the sheriff and read it from the balcony in a stentorian tone. For most people, it was a festive occasion, as about two-thirds of Boston residents supported the revolution. The lion and the unicorn on top of the building were removed and burned in a bonfire in King street.</p><br>
<p>After the American Revolution, the building served as the seat of the Massachusetts state government before its move to the present Massachusetts State House in 1798.</p><br>
<h3>Boston’s City Hall 1830–1841</h3><br>
<p>From 1830 to 1841, the building was Bostons city hall. Previously, the citys offices had been in the County Court House. In 1830, Isaiah Rogers altered the building&#39;s interior in a Greek Revival style, most notably adding the spiral staircase that remains today. The building was damaged by fire in 1832.</p><br>
<p>During this period of time, City Hall shared the building with the Boston Post Office and several private businesses. On October 21, 1835, Mayor Theodore Lyman, Jr. gave temporary refuge to William Lloyd Garrison, the editor of the abolitionist paper The Liberator, who was being chased by a violent mob. Garrison was kept safe in the Old State House until being driven to the Leverett Street Jail, where he was protected overnight but charged with inciting a riot. In 1841, City Hall moved to the former Suffolk County Courthouse, on School Street.</p><br>
<h3>Period of commercial use 1841–1881</h3><br>
<p>After Boston&#39;s city hall left, the whole building was rented out for commercial use. This had been the case once before, in the interim between the State House period and the City Hall period. Occupants included tailors, clothing merchants, insurance agents, railroad line offices, and more. As many as fifty businesses used the building at once.</p><br>
<h3>The Bostonian Society and the museum 1881–present</h3><br>
<p>In 1881, in response to plans for the possible demolition of the building due to real estate potential, The Bostonian Society was formed to preserve and steward the Old State House. In 1881–1882, restorations were conducted by George A. Clough. In 1882, replicas of the lion and unicorn statues were placed atop the East side of the building, after the originals that had been burned in 1776. On the West side, the building sports a statue of an eagle, in recognition of the Old State House&#39;s connection to American history.</p><br>
<p>Since 1904, the State Street MBTA station has occupied part of the building&#39;s basement. The East Boston Tunnel, which is now the Blue Line, opened in 1904, and the Washington Street Tunnel, a part of the Orange Line, opened in 1908. The Boston Marine Museum occupied rooms borrowed from the Bostonian Society, 1909–1947.</p><br>
<p>On July 11, 1976, as part of her Boston visit to celebrate the bicentenary of the United States of America, Queen Elizabeth II toured the Old State House with her husband. She appeared on the historic balcony and delivered an address to a large audience. The Queen said, in part,</p><br>
<h2>The museum today</h2><br>
<p>Today, tall buildings of Bostons financial district surround the Old State House. However, they do not entirely block the view of the building, and it can be seen clearly from a good distance away on the harborfront. The Old State House sits atop the State Street station on the MBTAs Blue and Orange subway lines, and the station can be entered from the basement. The building is available to be rented for evening events. However, its main function is as a museum, which is open year round, seven days a week except for some holidays.</p><br>
<p>The next stop on Freedom Trail is the site of the Boston Massacre, which is marked by a cobblestone ring on the newly rebuilt plaza in front of the Old State House. The museum offers a multimedia presentation on the massacre and a guided tour that describes the massacre in its historical context.</p><br>
<h3>Recent preservation and restoration and future plans</h3><br>
<p>The Old State House frequently has preservation and restoration projects as a part of the ongoing effort to keep the building in good condition.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, the museum underwent a restoration to repair water-damaged masonry. The damage had long been a problem, but was aggravated in fall 2005 by Hurricane Wilma. The project was the subject of an episode of The History Channel&#39;s Save Our History.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, the museums tower was given a major restoration. During the project, the buildings 1713 weathervane, which may have been made by Shem Drowne, was re-gilded. The windows were repaired and resealed, the balustrades were repaired, and the copper roofing and rotten wood siding was replaced. This was done to prevent structural damage and to protect the museum&#39;s collections and the 1831 clock by Simon Willard below.</p><br>
<p>According to their website, the Bostonian Society is in the planning stages of several changes to increase accessibility to the museum. Historical buildings pose many challenges to accessibility for visitors who cannot use stairs, but the museum plans to use new technologies to solve this problem and add a ramp and wheelchair lift.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>Adulis or Aduli  is an archeological site in the Northern Red Sea of Eritrea, situated about 30 miles south of Massawa in the Gulf of Zula. It was the port considered part of the Kingdom of Aksum, located on the coast of the Red Sea. However recent excavation uncovers artifacts that predates the Axumite civilization. These civilization is now known as Adulitarian. Adulis Bay is named after the site. It is thought that the modern town of Zula may be the Adulis of the Aksumite epoch, as Zula may reflect the local name for the Ancient Greek Adulis.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Pliny the Elder is the earliest writer to mention Adulis (N.H. 6.34). He misunderstood the name of the place, thinking the toponym meant that it had been founded by escaped Egyptian slaves. Pliny further stated that it was the principal mart for the Troglodytae and the people of Aethiopia. Adulis is also mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, a guide of the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. The latter guide describes the settlement as an emporium for the ivory, hides, slaves and other exports of the interior. It may have previously been known as Berenice Panchrysos of the Ptolemies. Roman merchants used the port in the second and third century AD.</p><br>
<p>Cosmas Indicopleustes records two inscriptions he found here in the 6th century: the first records how Ptolemy Euergetes (247–222 BC) used war elephants captured in the region to gain victories in his wars abroad; the second, known as the Monumentum Adulitanum, was inscribed in the 27th year of a king of Axum, perhaps named Sembrouthes, boasting of his victories in Arabia and northern Ethiopia.</p><br>
<p>A fourth century work traditionally (but probably incorrectly) ascribed to the writer Palladius of Galatia, relates the journey of an anonymous Egyptian lawyer (scholasticus) to India in order to investigate Brahmin philosophy. He was accompanied part of the way by one Moise or Moses, the Bishop of Adulis.</p><br>
<p>Control of Adulis allowed Axum to be the major power on the Red Sea. This port was the principal staging area for Kalebs invasion of the Himyarite kingdom of Dhu Nuwas around 520. While the scholar Yuri Kobishchanov detailed a number of raids Aksumites made on the Arabian coast (the latest being in 702, when the port of Jeddah was occupied), and argued that Adulis was later captured by the Muslims, which brought to an end Axums naval ability and contributed to the Aksumite Kingdom&#39;s isolation from the Byzantine Empire and other traditional allies, the last years of Adulis are a mystery. Muslim writers occasionally mention both Adulis and the nearby Dahlak Archipelago as places of exile. The evidence suggests that Axum maintained its access to the Red Sea, yet experienced a clear decline in its fortunes from the seventh century onwards. In any case, the sea power of Axum waned and security for the Red Sea fell on other shoulders.</p><br>
<h2>Archeological excavations</h2><br>
<p>Adulis was one of the first Axumite sites to undergo excavation, when a French mission to Eritrea under Vignaud and Petit performed an initial survey in 1840, and prepared a map which marked the location of three structures they believed were temples. In 1868, workers attached to Napier&#39;s campaign against Tewodros II visited Adulis and exposed several buildings, including the foundations of a Byzantine-like church.</p><br>
<p>The first scientific excavations at Adulis were undertaken by a German expedition in 1906, under the supervision of R. Sundström. Sundström worked in the northern sector of the site, exposing a large structure, which he dubbed the "palace of Adulis", as well as recovering Axumite coinage. The expedition&#39;s results were published in four volumes in 1913.</p><br>
<p>The Italian Roberto Paribeni excavated in Adulis the following year, discovering many structures similar to what Sundström had found earlier, as well as a number of ordinary dwellings. He found a lot of pottery: even wine amphorae imported from the area of modern Aqaba were found here during the decades of existence of the colony of Italian Eritrea. These types now called Ayla-Axum Amphoras have since been found at other sites in Eritrea including on Black Assarca Island.</p><br>
<p>Over 50 years passed until the next series of excavations, when in 1961 and 1962 the Ethiopian Institute of Archeology sponsored an expedition led by Francis Anfray. This excavation not only recovered materials showing a strong affinities with the late Axumite kingdom, but a destruction layer. This in turn prompted Kobishchanov to later argue that Adulis had been destroyed by an Arab raid in the mid-7th century, a view that has since been partially rejected.</p><br>
<p>A pair of fragments of glass vessels were found in the lowest layers at Adulis, which are similar to specimens from the 18th Dynasty of Egypt. One very specialised imported vessel discovered at the site was a Menas flask. It was stamped with a design showing the Egyptian St. Menas between two kneeling camels. Such vessels are supposed to have held water from a spring near the saint&#39;s tomb in Egypt (Paribeni 1907: 538, fig. 54), and this particular one may have been brought to Adulis by a pilgrim.</p><br>
<p>Since Eritrean Independence, the National Museum of Eritrea has petitioned the Government of Ethiopia to return artifacts of these excavations. To date they have been denied.</p><br>
<p>Previous colonial researches were underpinned by an old Ethiopian narrative. Most of these chronicles puts Adulis smack-dab at the middle of the Axumite kingdom and subsumes it as an integral part of this very kingdom. As a result, Adulis has been studied as part and parcel of the Axumite kingdom by most, if not all, scholars of the region. However, recent historical/archaeological sources challenge the Abyssinian paradigm in the sense that Adulis was the center of a kingdom that was not a constituent part of the Axumite kingdom, on the earlier period prior to the emergence of Aksum.</p><br>
<p>Kefalovryso  is a village and a community of the Pogoni municipality. The 2011 census recorded 838 residents in the village.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Greek newspaper Pigi Kefalovrysou mentioned in an article that in 1840 this village was founded by a lone tselingas (Greek for goatherd) named Nastas (Greek: ο τσέλιγκας Νάστας). Kefalovryso passed from the Ottoman Empire to Greece in 1913, during the Balkan Wars.</p><br>
<p>In the 10th of July a massacre happened in the village.22 men were put in two houses,with most of them being soldiers from the Greco-Italian war.Only one of them survived and the rest were burnt alive.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is situated at the foot of mount Nemertsika, near the Albanian border. It is 3 km west of Vasiliko, 12 km northeast of Delvinaki, 16 km west of Konitsa, 36 km east of Gjirokastër (Albania) and 46 km northwest of Ioannina.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>In Kefalovryso, there is a primary school, a lyceum, a minor soccer team, a gymnasium, a church, a small post-office and a square in the centre with the town hall of Ano Pogoni. The factory that produces most of the Greek euro coins is located in Kefalovryso.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Most of the inhabitants are Aromanians, speaking the Aromanian language along with Greek.</p><br>
<p>Mount Wilson is a peak in the San Gabriel Mountains, located within the San Gabriel Mountains National Monument and Angeles National Forest in Los Angeles County, California. With only minor topographical prominence the peak is not naturally noticeable from a distance, although it is easily identifiable due to the large number of antennas near its summit. It is a subsidiary peak of nearby San Gabriel Peak.</p><br>
<p>It is the location of the Mount Wilson Observatory, which is an important astronomical facility in Southern California with historic 60 in and 100 in telescopes, and 60 ft and 150 ft solar towers. The newer CHARA Array, run by Georgia State University, is also sited there and does important interferometric stellar research.</p><br>
<p>The summit is at 5,710 ft. While not the tallest peak in its vicinity, it is high enough in elevation that snow can sometimes interrupt astronomical activities on the mountain. All of the mountains south of the summit are far shorter leading to unobstructed views across the Los Angeles Basin, Orange County, the Inland Empire, and out to Ventura County, San Diego County and the Pacific Ocean. On most days Santa Catalina Island, California, some 65 miles south, is visible. On clear days, other Channel Islands visible include San Clemente Island at 95 miles, Santa Barbara Island at 76 miles, San Nicolas Island at 107 miles, Santa Cruz Island at 98 miles and San Miguel Island at 133 miles. At an elevation of 5,710 feet, the horizon on the ocean extends 92 miles.</p><br>
<p>Mount Wilson is also heavily utilized for relay broadcasting of radio and television for the Greater Los Angeles Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The native inhabitants of the San Gabriels probably belonged to various tribes of the Tongva people who lived in the low-lying valleys. Granite outcroppings along the Angeles Crest show signs of meal preparations with metate pots ground into rock surfaces.</p><br>
<p>The first recorded exploration of the mountain was performed by Benjamin Davis Wilson, also known as "Don Benito". Wilson, who was the grandfather of George S. Patton, was the owner of Rancho San Pascual in about 1852 and ran a winery at his home, "Lake Vineyard", which was in the area of todays San Marino. Wilson hoped to find a suitable wood for his casks but was disappointed by the poor quality of trees on the mountain. He built a trail, following an established Indian route, which became known as the Mount Wilson Trail. In turn Wilsons trail became the predecessor of the Mount Wilson Toll Road. He was surprised to find line shacks at the summit, probably left by Spaniards who were known to track down destructive grizzly bears. He built a three-room cabin along the trail called "Halfway House." Despite Wilson&#39;s inability to find adequate wood, the hike became a popular pastime for locals who would make a weekend trip to the summit. These hikers built signal fires on the summit to let people below know that the party had arrived safely.</p><br>
<h2>Astronomy</h2><br>
<p>In 1889 Professor William Pickering of Harvard University, along with lens grinder Alvan Clark, prepared an experiment with 4 and telescopes at Mount Wilson. University students would operate the telescopes for nighttime viewing, but more often than not they would log in "bad weather, no visibility" and head to town to relieve their boredom. The small observatory was abandoned with plans to build a larger one at a later date.</p><br>
<p>In 1891, Thaddeus S. C. Lowe incorporated the Pasadena & Mount Wilson Railroad with the plan of building a scenic mountain railroad to the summit of Mt. Wilson. At the same time land and easement disputes between camp owners Steils and Strain were going on over the public and private use of the Mount Wilson Trail. The courts ruled that the trail was a public thoroughfare and that any blockading would be illegal. At the foot of the mountain, a local contractor Thomas Banbury built a 10-mile (15 km) roadway to be named "The New Mount Wilson Trail," now the Mount Wilson Toll Road. Passage fare was 25¢ round trip for hikers and 50¢ for horseback.</p><br>
<p>In 1892, Charles William Eliot, president of Harvard University, planned to have two 40-inch (102 cm) lenses shipped from Alvan Clark & Sons in Corning, New York to the newly named Mount Harvard, directly adjacent to Mt. Wilson. The money was to be put up by Mr. Spence of the University of Southern California. Walter Raymond, of Raymond & Whitcomb Travel Agency, Boston, and owner of the Raymond Hotel, Pasadena, offered to pay for rail from New York. Lowe offered to take the lenses up via his yet-to-be-built Mt. Wilson Railway. Spence died suddenly and left no word of the money for the project. The lenses ended up at Yerkes Observatory in Wisconsin, and Lowe&#39;s railway ended up going to Oak Mountain (Mount Lowe).</p><br>
<p>By 1901 The Mount Wilson Toll Road Co. had purchased Henninger Flats, Strains Camp, Martins Camp, and 640 acres (2.6 km) of the summit.</p><br>
<p>In 1903 George Ellery Hale visited Mt. Wilson and was impressed by the perfect conditions for which to set up the observatory, which would become the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory in 1904. In 1905 40 acre were leased for 99 years by the Carnegie Institution for Science in order to construct telescopes and construction began on a new Mt. Wilson Hotel. In 1908 a 60-inch (1524 mm) telescope was completed at the summit, and in 1910 the 150 ft Solar Tower was erected. In 1913 the hotel burned down and was replaced by a second hotel that lasted until its demolition in 1966. The Toll Road opened to automobiles in 1912 and lasted until 1936.</p><br>
<p>In 1917, the 100-inch Hooker Telescope was completed and saw first light and would be the world&#39;s largest telescope until the opening of the 200-inch Hale Telescope at Palomar Observatory in 1948.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, American astronomer Edwin Hubble arrived at Mt. Wilson and, throughout the 1920s, made many astronomical discoveries using the Hooker Telescope. Among his contributions are the observational proof that many nebulous objects are actually galaxies beyond our own Milky Way galaxy, the classification of galaxies according to the Hubble sequence, and the development of Hubbles law relating a galaxys observed red shift to its distance away. These contributions led to an understanding that the universe is not static, but expanding. This concept is the basis of the Big Bang theory of cosmology.</p><br>
<p>In 1926 Albert Abraham Michelson made what was the most precise calculation of the speed of light at the time by measuring the round-trip travel time of light between Mount Wilson and Mount San Antonio 22 miles (35 km) away.</p><br>
<h2>Mount Wilson Electronics Reservation</h2><br>
<p>The first television antenna on Mount Wilson was erected in 1947 for pioneer station KTLA channel 5. At about the same time, the first FM station broadcast from Mount Wilson, which was the old KFI-FM on 105.9 FM (signed off in 1950). The mountain became so popular as a site for transmitters that, in 1963, the Metromedia company bought 720 acre from the Mount Wilson Hotel Company. Metromedia built Skyline Park, which consisted of a pavilion, a children&#39;s zoo and landscaped walks. The park closed in 1976 after operating at a loss for almost a decade. The property is now the home of numerous transmitters serving the Los Angeles metropolitan area and includes radio, television and microwave relay facilities.</p><br>
<p>The tallest of which, according to the FCC database, is the guyed mast, formerly home of KCBS-TV on Channel 2 (54-60 MHz), now owned by Richland Towers, which stands at a height of 972 feet (296.3 m), built in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Television on Mount Wilson</h2><br>
<p>The following television stations transmit from Mount Wilson:</p><br>
<p>Most of the stations in the Los Angeles DMA not listed in the above table transmit from Mt. Harvard, an adjacent peak. These stations are (listed by virtual channel followed by physical channel): KSCI channel 18/18 (Multilingual Ind.), KWHY channel 22/42 (MundoFox), KHTV-CD channel 27/27 (HSN), KPXN channel 30/38 (ION), KVEA channel 52/39 (Telemundo), KRCA channel 62/35 (Estrella TV), KBEH channel 63/24 (CNN Latino), and analog KSFV-CA channel 6 (Spanish Religious).</p><br>
<h2>Observatory salvaged</h2><br>
<p>In 1984 the Carnegie Institution for Science began the process of shutting down the observatories on Mount Wilson, opting to concentrate on newer sites in Chile. In 1986 the Mt. Wilson Institute was formed and plans to reopen the observatories were made so that by 2000 all the telescopes were back in operation.</p><br>
<p>Construction began in 1996 for six 1-meter telescopes by the Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy at Georgia State University. This was the largest optical interferometric array at the time. Ground was broken for the telescopes in 1999 and the facility became operational in 2001.</p><br>
<p>Phoebus  was an incorporated town located in Elizabeth City County on the Virginia Peninsula in eastern Virginia. Upon incorporation in 1900, it was named in honor of local businessman Harrison Phoebus , who is credited with convincing the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway  to extend its tracks to the town from Newport News.</p><br>
<p>The town and county are both extinct, as they were consolidated by mutual consent with the independent city of Hampton in 1952, and adopted the latter&#39;s name. Phoebus is now an important historic neighborhood of Hampton and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Captain John Smith landed on a part of Phoebus known as Strawberry Banks on his first voyage up the James River in 1607. The area which became the Town of Phoebus was founded in 1609 as Mill Creek; it was located on the banks of the Chesapeake Bay and Hampton Roads, directly across from Norfolk&#39;s Willoughby Spit.</p><br>
<p>Mill Creek was located in Elizabeth Cittie, one of four corporations, termed "citties", which were designated in 1619 by the Virginia Company of London, proprietor of the colony, to encompass the developed areas. (The other three were James Cittie, Charles Cittie, and Henrico Cittie). In 1634, the area became part of Elizabeth City Shire, one of the eight original shires of Virginia. It became Elizabeth City County in 1643.</p><br>
<p>English colonists soon built defensive fortifications at Old Point Comfort to protect the entrance to Hampton Roads. In 1830 the United States Army began construction there of Fort Monroe, which until 2011 had been the oldest active-duty fort in the nation.</p><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, numerous slaves escaped to Fort Monroe and Norfolk, which was occupied by Union forces from 1861. The US Army defined them as contraband, to prevent their being returned to slaveholders. They established facilities for the newly free slaves at the Fort Monroe Contraband Camp, located outside the fort. Officials contacted a respected local teacher, Mary S. Peake, and asked her to teach the freedmen and their children. She began by gathering people outside in Phoebus, under a large oak tree. This is where the Emancipation Proclamation was read to numerous citizens in 1863, and it became called the Emancipation Oak. The American Missionary Association (AMA), whose leaders included both black and white ministers, hired her to teach and arranged for her to use the Brown Cottage. This is considered the historic start of Hampton University, a historically black college (HBCU) which the AMA founded during the war.</p><br>
<p>Much of the Town of Phoebus was cultivated as Roseland Farm until 1871. It was then divided into lots for sale and developed as Chesapeake City. The streets were named after prominent citizens: Mallory, Curry, Hope, Lancer, and Mellen.</p><br>
<p>When the town was incorporated in 1900, its name was changed to Phoebus in honor of its leading citizen, Harrison Phoebus, who is largely credited with getting the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway (C&O) to build the Hampton Branch. After the railroads Peninsula Extension reached the new coal pier at Newport News in late 1881, the same construction crews were put to work on what would later be called the Peninsula Subdivisions Hampton Branch. From the main line at Old Point Junction, tracks were extended easterly a distance of about 10 mi toward Fort Monroe. The tracks were completed about 9 mi to the town, which became Phoebus in December 1882. A passenger and freight station was opened, which the railroad designated as "Phoebus".</p><br>
<p>From Phoebus, an extension across Mill Creek to reach Fort Monroe required a 2,800 ft trestle, not completed until 1890. At that time, passenger and freight facilities were also added. At Fort Monroe, the USA Army built connecting tracks and operated its own locomotive for a number of years.</p><br>
<p>At Old Point Comfort, in addition to the Army base at Fort Monroe, the Hampton Branch served both the older Hygeia Hotel and the new Hotel Chamberlin, popular destinations for civilians. During the first half of the 20th century, excursion trains were operated to reach nearby Buckroe Beach, where an amusement park was among the attractions that brought church groups and vacationers.</p><br>
<p>In 1952 by voter referendum, the residents of Elizabeth City County and the town of Phoebus agreed to consolidation with the independent city of Hampton, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Phoebus has an area listed as an historic district on the National Register of Historic Places. The Phoebus National Historic District is a 86 acre section of Phoebus which encompasses the historic business area on Mellen and Mallory Streets and a significant number of homes.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>John William "Uncle Jack" Dey, noted and celebrated folk painter</p><br>
<p>Christopher C. Kraft, Jr. (* 1924), the original Flight Director for NASA, was born and raised in Phoebus.</p><br>
<p>Mary S. Peake, first teacher of freedmen and their children in Phoebus (now Hampton)</p><br>
<p>William T. Randall, (1915-2013), Negro League baseball player</p><br>
<p>The Mount Washington Hotel is a hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, near Mount Washington. It was designed by Charles Alling Gifford.</p><br>
<p>The area, part of the town of Carroll, New Hampshire, includes the Bretton Woods ski resort nearby. It is located at the northern end of Crawford Notch, 6 mi east of the village of Twin Mountain along USA Route 302.</p><br>
<p>In December 2015, the hotel was purchased by Omni Mount Washington LLC from the CNL Financial Group, of Orlando, Florida, and will continue to be operated by Omni Hotels & Resorts under the official name of Omni Mount Washington Resort. It is a member of Historic Hotels of America, the official program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was constructed between 1900 and 1902 at a cost of $1.7 million (approximately $ today) by Joseph Stickney, a native of Concord, New Hampshire who had made a fortune before the age of 30 as a coal broker in Pennsylvania. In 1881 Stickney and his partner, John N. Conyngham, had purchased the Mount Pleasant Hotel nearby from lumberman John T.G. Leavitt, a large early hotel that was later demolished. Subsequently, Stickney began work on his Mount Washington Hotel. He brought in 250 Italian artisans to build it, particularly the granite and stucco masonry. Construction started in 1900 on the Y-shaped hotel, which opened on July 28, 1902. At the opening ceremony, Stickney told the audience, "Look at me, gentlemen... for I am the poor fool who built all this!" Within a year he was dead at the age of 64.</p><br>
<p>His wife, Carolyn Stickney, summered at the hotel for the next decade, adding the Sun Dining Room with guest rooms above, the fourth floor between the towers, and the chapel honoring her late husband. Under its capable first manager, John Anderson, the hotel was a success. But the advent of income tax, Prohibition, and the Great Depression curtailed the hospitality business. In 1936, Mrs. Stickney&#39;s nephew, Foster Reynolds, inherited the hotel, which closed in 1942 because of World War II. A Boston syndicate bought the extensive property for about $450,000 In 1944. The Bretton Woods monetary conference took place that year, establishing the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund. The owners were paid $300,000 for the loss of business and promised a daily room charge of $18 per person for the 19-day conference.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Washington Hotel and Resort is one of the last surviving grand hotels in the White Mountains and includes an 18-hole Donald Ross-designed golf course, as well as the hotel&#39;s original 9-hole course designed by A.H. Findlay.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1986.</p><br>
<p>The hotel opened for its first winter season in 1999. Before that year the hotel would close to guests late in the fall and open in the spring. The entire hotel was overhauled before the winter, with efficient windows installed in the entire hotel.</p><br>
<p>In January 2009 the Mount Washington Resort completed a 50,000 ft&sup2; addition that includes a 25,000 ft&sup2; spa and a 25,000 ft&sup2; conference center.</p><br>
<p>In November 2010 it was revealed that CNL is seeking to trademark the Mount Washington name. CNL said they were just directing their efforts against other hotels in the area that have the mountain&#39;s name and not other businesses that also have it.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>The hotel was featured in two episodes of the television series Ghost Hunters, when it was searched by the TAPS paranormal investigation team on February 6, 2008.</p><br>
<p>In the local area, it is well known for a tradition of grand firework shows for Independence Day on the Fourth of July and on New Year&#39;s Eve at midnight.</p><br>
<p>Jackson&#39;s Mill is a former grist mill in Lewis County, West Virginia, near the city of Weston. The mill, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972, is now the centerpiece of a state-owned museum property. It is significant as a well-preserved early grist mill, and as the boyhood home of Stonewall Jackson, a renowned Confederate general in the American Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The center of the Jackson farm was located on the peninsula formed by the confluence of Freeman&#39;s Creek and the West Fork River. Edward Jackson (1759&ndash;1828) built a home on a prominent knoll 100 yards from the West Fork; the two-story frontier-style log structure was 40 feet by 20. On the other (east) side of the river, he built a sawmill and grist mill in 1809. An original millstone and feed hopper can be seen on the second floor.</p><br>
<p>The surviving mill structure is a three-story wood frame structure, with a wooden shingle roof and weatherboard siding. The interior of the mill retains a significant amount of original woodwork and equipment, including large cog wheels. Some elements have been replaced, including the flooring, which has been replaced by oak similar to the original.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>After Edwards death, his son, Cummins Jackson, operated Jacksons Mill. A brother Jonathan Jackson (1790&ndash;1826), had been working as an attorney in Clarksburg, where he had a family. After his death in 1826 from typhoid fever, his widow Julia Neale Jackson (1789&ndash;1831) struggled to support their two young children. In 1830, she arranged for the Jackson children, 6-year-old Thomas Jonathan and his younger sister Laura Ann, to live with their paternal uncle Cummins Jackson. Julia died the following year, leaving her children orphaned and dependent on their uncle.</p><br>
<p>Young Thomas helped around his uncle&#39;s farm, tending sheep with a sheep dog, driving teams of oxen, and helping to harvest wheat and corn. His uncle also held a few slaves. Formal education was not easily obtained, but Thomas attended school when and where he could. After learning to read, he became largely self-taught. He would often sit up at night reading by the flickering light of burning pine knots. He would become renowned as a Confederate general, Stonewall Jackson, during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The story is told that Thomas Jackson once made a deal with one of his uncles slaves to provide him with pine knots in exchange for reading lessons. Virginia law prohibited teaching slaves to read or write, but young Jackson taught the man as promised. In his later years at Jacksons Mill, Jackson served as a schoolteacher.</p><br>
<p>In 1842, young Thomas Jackson received an appointment to the USA Military Academy at West Point, New York. After graduation, he served as an instructor at Virginia Military Institute. During the American Civil War, he advanced in the Confederate Army to the rank of general, and died in 1863 in the Battle of Chancellorsville. He had been fatally wounded in a "friendly fire" incident.</p><br>
<p>In 1921 the owners of the property at Jacksons Mill deeded it to the State of West Virginia. In modern times, the preserved grist mill of Cummins Jackson is the centerpiece of a historical site and museum at the Jacksons Mill Center for Lifelong Learning and State 4-H Camp. The facility, located in Weston, West Virginia, serves as a special campus for West Virginia University (WVU) and the WVU Extension Service.</p><br>
<p>Arachova  is a mountain town and a former municipality in the western part of Boeotia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is a municipal unit, part of the municipality Distomo-Arachova-Antikyra. Its name is of South Slavic origin and denotes a place with walnut trees. It is a tourist destination due to its location in the mountains, its traditions and its proximity to Delphi.</p><br>
<p>Greek rebels under Georgios Karaiskakis defeated the Ottomans at the 1826 Battle of Arachova.</p><br>
<p>The Formaela cheese from Arachova has been designated as a protected designation of origin. Nearby Arachova, modern ski facilities are popular with visitors. Although contemporary culture tends to outdo regional folklore, the town maintains some local customs and demonstrates them at celebrations on 23 April, in the honor of the patron Saint George.</p><br>
<p>Arachova has a panoramic view, uphill small houses and the cobbled streets show a picturesque architecture. The town center includes a huge and steep cliff, the Bell Tower, covered with dense ivy. At the top of the tower is a large 10m height clock. Arachova is famous for its black wine, its "brusque", the colorful textiles, carpets and rugs, handicrafts and woodcut creations as well.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Arachova is situated at about a 970 m (3182 ft) elevation on the southern slope of Mount Parnassus, above the valley of the river Pleistos. The municipal unit has an area of 139.448 km. Arachova is located 8 km E of Delphi, 9 km northwest of Distomo, 18 km southeast of Amfissa and 26 km west of Livadeia. The Greek National Road 48 (Naupactus - Delphi - Livadeia) passes through the town. The Parnassos Ski Centre is situated to the north.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Gallery</p><br>
<p>Assateague Island is a 37 mi long barrier island located off the eastern coast of the Delmarva peninsula facing the Atlantic Ocean. The northern two-thirds of the island is in Maryland while the southern third is in Virginia. The Maryland section contains the majority of Assateague Island National Seashore and Assateague State Park. The Virginia section contains Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge and a one-mile stretch of land containing the lifeguarded recreational beach and interpretive facilities managed by the National Park Service . It is best known for its herds of feral horses, pristine beaches, and the Assateague Lighthouse. The island also contains numerous marshes, bays, and coves, including Toms Cove. Bridge access for cars is possible from both Maryland and Virginia, though no road runs the full north/south length of the island.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Like all barrier islands, Assateague has changed in form over the years. This inlet separated the two landforms. Normally, it would have silted back due to the littoral drift that ran from north to south. However, after the storm, between 1933 and 1935 a permanent system of artificial jetties was built to preserve the inlet as a navigation channel. As a result, the island has drifted considerably westward, and the two landmasses are now over 0.62 mi apart. While this process has benefitted Ocean City, creating wider beaches and better fishing access, it caused erosion problems on Assateague.</p><br>
<p>Between 1933 and the early 1960s, federal interest in creating a national seashore on the island alternated with periodic pushes for development. In 1950, a 15-mile section of the Maryland side of Assateague was plotted for development, and a paved road, Baltimore Boulevard, was constructed to traverse the new development. The Ash Wednesday Storm of 1962 destroyed or covered most of Baltimore Boulevard, and many of the structures on the island were destroyed. Although some private landowners on the island supported re-development, by this time the state of Maryland generally supported a national seashore and legislation was introduced in the United States Congress. After Congressional efforts did not produce final legislation in 1964, new legislation in 1965 was successful and Assateague Island National Seashore was formed.</p><br>
<h2>Parks and Refuge</h2><br>
<p>The entirety of Assateague Island is owned and operated by three different agencies: the NPS, Maryland State Parks, and United States Fish and Wildlife Service. All of the land on the island north of the Maryland-Virginia state line is the Assateague Island National Seashore, with the exception of the smaller Assateague State Park. The national seashore was established in 1965 to preserve the barrier island and surrounding waters, and provide recreational opportunities. All of the island south of the state border in Virginia is the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge, with the of a one-mile stretch of land including the recreational beach and interpretive facilities managed by the NPS. The Refuge was established in 1943 to provide habitat for migratory birds, primarily snow geese. The USA Geological Survey has initiated studies aimed at mitigating the potential sea-level rise on this barrier island complex.</p><br>
<h2>Human use of the island</h2><br>
<p>The National Park Service allows off-road vehicles with permits in certain areas. Car camping sites are available in both the National Seashore and Assateague State Park by reservation. Backcountry sites are also available from the National Seashore. There is no camping available from the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge. Pets are prohibited in all areas except certain parts of the National Seashore and parts of the state park. Kayak touring is a popular way to see the wildlife, especially on the calmer bay side. The best times to backcountry camp are in the spring and fall. Summer months are known for heavy mosquito populations, particularly on the bay side.</p><br>
<p>Assateague State Park comprises almost 800 acre and lies in Maryland within the National Seashore. The state park is the most developed area on the island with 350 campsites. Most of the water around the island is within the boundaries of the national seashore. The island has a land area of 24.4 square miles and has no resident population in either Maryland or Virginia, though a few retained property rights until 2006. These were mainly hunting camps.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>Large populations of birds inhabit the island, including American oystercatcher, great blue heron, and snowy egret. There are over 320 species that are known to inhabit the island during some portion of the year. These include gulls, terns, and other shorebirds along with raptors, waterbirds, and waterfowl. The piping plover is a threatened species that nests on Assateague.</p><br>
<p>The feral horse population of Assateague Island is alternately known as the Assateague horse in Maryland and the Chincoteague Pony in Virginia. This distinction, made both on per-breed and per-individual basis, is sometimes a matter of disagreement. The traditional definition of a horse or a pony is based on whether the animal in question falls over or under. The equines on the island tend to be under 14.2, but have a horse phenotype. It is argued that their relatively small size is primarily due to environmental, rather than genetic conditions. The National Park Service provides information about these animals through brochures and the internet.</p><br>
<p>The Maryland and Virginia horses are kept apart by fencing at the border between the two states. Though commonly called "wild," these horses had domesticated ancestors, claimed in legend to be survivors of a Spanish galleon that shipwrecked along the coast, but possibly just local colonial horses allowed to run loose. When excess numbers are removed from the island and they are placed into human ownership, they adapt quickly to domestication. Made famous by Marguerite Henry in her children&#39;s book Misty of Chincoteague, the animals are popular tourist attractions and subjects for photography.</p><br>
<p>The Maryland horses are owned and managed by the NPS, who have carefully followed the population over generations. In Virginia, the Chincoteague ponies are owned by the Chincoteague Volunteer Fire Company. Once a year in July, the local "salt water cowboys" round them up and sort a number of animals to be removed from the island, which are put up for auction on Pony Penning Day.</p><br>
<p>To keep their numbers under control on the Maryland side, a federal contraceptive program has been in place since 1994. In Virginia, the Pony Penning Days auction keeps the horse population at levels required by agreement with the Chincoteague National Wildlife Refuge.</p><br>
<p>The White House of the Confederacy is a historic house located in the Court End neighborhood of Richmond, Virginia. Built in 1818, it was the main executive residence of the sole President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis, from August 1861 until April 1865. It was viewed as the Confederate States counterpart to the White House in Washington, D.C.</p><br>
<p>Since the late 19th-century, it has been a house museum operated by the American Civil War Museum and is known as the White House and Museum of the Confederacy. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original First White House of the Confederacy in Montgomery, Alabama was their early residence. The second White House of the Confederacy is a gray stuccoed neoclassical mansion built in 1818 by John Brockenbrough, who was president of the Bank of Virginia. Designed by Robert Mills, Brockenbrough’s private residence was built in early nineteenth century on East Clay Street in Richmond&#39;s affluent Shockoe Hill neighborhood (later known as the Court End District), and was two blocks north of the Virginia State Capitol. Among his neighbors were USA Chief Justice John Marshall, Aaron Burr, defense attorney John Wickham, and future USA Senator Benjamin Watkins Leigh.</p><br>
<p>Sold by the Brockenbrough family in 1844, the house passed through a succession of wealthy families throughout the antebellum period, including USA Congressman and future Confederate Secretary of War James Seddon. Just prior to the American Civil War, Lewis Dabney Crenshaw purchased the house and added a third floor. He sold the home to the City of Richmond, which in turn rented it to the Confederate government as its Executive Mansion.</p><br>
<h3>Davis family</h3><br>
<p>The Davis family was quite young during their stay at the White House of the Confederacy. When they moved in the Family consisted of the President and First Lady, six-year-old Margaret, four-year-old Jefferson Davis, Jr., and two-year-old Joseph. The two youngest Davis children, William and Varina Anne ("Winnie"), were born in the White House, in 1861 and 1864, respectively. Among their neighborhood playmates was George Smith Patton, Sr., whose father commanded the 22nd Virginia Infantry, and whose son commanded the USA Third Army in World War Two. Joseph Davis died in the spring of 1864, after a 15-foot fall from the railing on the White Houses east portico. Mrs. Davis mother and sister were occasional visitors to the Confederate executive mansion.</p><br>
<p>The house was abandoned during the evacuation of Richmond on April 2, 1865. Within twelve hours, soldiers from Major General Godfrey Weitzels XVIII Corps seized the former Confederate White House, intact. President Abraham Lincoln, who was in nearby City Point (now Hopewell, Virginia), traveled up the James River to tour the captured city, and visited Davis former residence for about three hours – although the President only toured the first floor, feeling it would be improper to visit the more private second floor of another man&#39;s home. Admiral David Dixon Porter accompanied Lincoln during the visit to the former Confederate executive mansion. They held a number of meetings with local officials in the White House. Among them was Confederate Brigadier General Joseph Reid Anderson, who owned the Tredegar Iron Works.</p><br>
<h3>After the war</h3><br>
<p>During Reconstruction, the White House of the Confederacy served as the headquarters for Military District Number One (Virginia), and was occasionally used as the residence of the commanding officer of the Department of Virginia. Among those who served there were Major Generals Edward O.C. Ord, Alfred Terry, Henry Halleck, and Edward R.S. Canby. When Reconstruction ended in Virginia, (October 1870), the City of Richmond retook possession of the house, and subsequently used it as Richmond Central School, one of the first public schools in postwar Richmond.</p><br>
<p>When the City announced its plans to demolish the building to make way for a more modern school building in 1890, the Confederate Memorial Literary Society was formed with the sole purpose of saving the White House from destruction.</p><br>
<p>Ptolemaida  is a town and a former municipality in Kozani regional unit, West Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Eordaia, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit. It is known for its coal  mines and its power stations.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>During the Ottoman period, the city was named Kaylar, rendered into English as Kailar; this name was retained in Greek as Kailaria (Καϊλάρια) until 1927. Kailar refers to the Kayı tribe, the tribe of Osman I, the founder of the Ottoman Empire. The modern name Ptolemaida was introduced by decree on January 20, 1927, honoring Ptolemy son of Lagus, a comrade-in-arms of Alexander the Great, and his daughter Ptolemaïs, who are said to originate from that region. His statue stands in the central square of the city.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to archaeologists, the Ptolemaida region has been occupied since 6000 BC.</p><br>
<h3>Neolithic times</h3><br>
<p>Archaeologists, in November 2005, discovered the remains of two farming villages dating back to the Neolithic period. A press report notes that such farming villages were trading centres and had a "developed knowledge of metalworking".</p><br>
<p>A golden necklace dating to roughly 4500 BC was discovered on February 16, 2006. Associated Press reporter Costas Kantouris describes the item as a "flat, roughly ring-shaped probably had religious significance and would have been worn on a necklace by a prominent member of society."</p><br>
<p>Lately in the lake Zazari near Ptolemaida there were found 16 houses that belong in the Neolithic era due to archaaeologists.</p><br>
<p>These houses were in the lake and were exposed because of the decreased water level of the lake.</p><br>
<p>That particular small settlement gives information about the society and the people in the Neolithic era.</p><br>
<h3>Ancient period</h3><br>
<p>In the area of Ptolemaida many archeological findings have occurred in the last 30 years due to mining operations.</p><br>
<p>Ceramic artifacts, dating to the 6th century BC have been found at two sites near Grevena and Ptolemaida.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologists found the artifacts at two prehistoric farming settlements.</p><br>
<p>Two Ancient Macedonian graves have also been found in the area of Ptolemaida, dated from the 5th century BC.</p><br>
<h3>Byzantine Period</h3><br>
<p>At various times, Ptolemaida was part of the Latin Empire, the Kingdom of Thessalonica, the Empire of Nicaea, and the Despotate of Epirus. The borders among the Latin Empire, the Empire of Nicaea, the Empire of Trebizond, and the Despotate of Epirus are very uncertain.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman period</h3><br>
<p>During the Ottoman period, Ptolemaida was called Kayılar, and it had two parts: Aşağı Kayılar and Yukarı Kayılar. Aşağı Kayılar was Bektaşi and Yukarı Kayılar was Rufai, Hanefi.</p><br>
<p>Before 1360, large numbers of nomad shepherds, or Yörüks, from the district of Konya, in Asia Minor, had settled in Macedonia; their descendants were known as Konariotes. Further immigration from this region took place from time to time up to the middle of the 18th century. After the establishment of the feudal system in 1397, many of the Seljuk noble families came over from Asia Minor; their descendants may be recognized among the Beys or Muslim landowners in Kayılar. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Turkish population was quite considerable, but since that time it has continuously decreased. A low birth rate, the exhaustion of the male population by military service, and a large mortality from epidemics have brought about a decline which has lately been hastened by emigration. The Turkish rural population around Kayılar was mainly composed of Konariot shepherds. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Ptolemaida was part of the Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire.</p><br>
<h3>Modern period</h3><br>
<p>Ptolemaida was taken by the Greek forces on October 15, 1912 during the First Balkan War.</p><br>
<h2>Culture</h2><br>
<p>Ptolemaida&#39;s football club is called "Eordaikos" (Εορδαϊκός). Other teams include AE Ptolemaidas. Ptolemaida has schools, lyceums, gymnasia, churches, banks, a post office, a train station (Kozani - Florina), a police station, a water tower, and squares (plateies). There is the potential of a university being established by the state in the near future. The Anthropological and Folklore Museum is based in the town.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>Ptolemaida is a highly industrialized area. The four power plants in this area produce 70% of Greece&#39;s electrical power, using the large local deposits of lignite as fuel. The plants are owned by the Public Power Corporation (DEI), the major employer in the city. The plant was dedicated by the prime minister of Greece at that time, Constantine Karamanlis. The other two are in Amyntaio in Florina regional unit and in Agios Dimitrios.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The city, situated in the middle of the Eordaia plain of Western Macedonia, has a humid continental climate. Summers can be hot with thunderstorms in unsettled spells, whereas winters are among the coldest in Greece. It was here that the absolute low temperature record of Greece was recorded (-29.6 &deg;C on 27 January 1963).</p><br>
<h2>Demographics</h2><br>
<p>The current municipal unit of Ptolemaida is constituted by the city of Ptolemaida and 11 small communities. At the 2011 census, the population of the city was 32,142 residents. The total population of the municipality Eordaia in 2011 was 45,592 residents.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The city lies in the valley of Eordaia, between the Askio mountains to the southwest and the Vermio mountains to the northeast. It is located north of Kozani, east of Kastoria, south of Florina, and south-west of Edessa. The municipal unit has an area of 217.901 km, the community (the city proper) has an area of 57.508 km. Motorway 27 (Kozani-Florina, part of E65) passes east of the city. Ptolemaida was the seat of the former province of Eordaia.</p><br>
<h2>Friendship towns</h2><br>
<p>Ptolemaida is twinned with:</p><br>
<p>Enkomi, Cyprus</p><br>
<p>Oinountas  is a former municipality in Laconia, Peloponnese, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Sparti, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 301.812 km. The name originates from the Oinountas, a small river that traverses the municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Oinountas is subdivided into the following communities (constituent villages in brackets):</p><br>
<p>Koniditsa (Koniditsa, Kopelia, Kouremenos)</p><br>
<p>Sellasia</p><br>
<p>Theologos (Agios Ioannis, Theologos, Kalyvia Theologou)</p><br>
<p>Vamvakou (Vamvakou, Megali Vrysi)</p><br>
<p>Varvitsa</p><br>
<p>Vasaras (Vasaras, Veria)</p><br>
<p>Voutianoi</p><br>
<p>Vresthena</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Oinountas covers the area between the northeastern part of the Evrotas valley up to the ridge of Parnon Mountain. The river Oinountas flows through the southeastern part of the municipal unit.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The municipality Oinountas was first established in 1835, the seat of administration being Vamvakou, then Vresthena in 1840. It was abolished in 1912, and the municipality was split into the independent communities of Vamvakou, Vresthena, Vasaras and Arachova. It was then re-founded by law 2539/1997 (Kapodistrias Plan) in 1998, covering a larger area, by the merger of the communities Sellasia (the seat of the new municipality), Vasaras, Theologos, Varvitsa, Vamvakou, Koniditsa, Voutianoi and Vresthena.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Plover Cove Reservoir , located within Plover Cove Country Park, in the northeastern New Territories, is the largest reservoir in Hong Kong in terms of area, and the second-largest in terms of volume. It was the first in the world to construct a lake from an arm of the ocean. Its main dam was one of the largest in the world at the time of its construction, disconnecting Plover Cove from the sea.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The location was a former cove (bay, as the name suggests) and was a popular hiking site. Construction work commenced in 1960 and was completed in 1968, providing a capacity of 170 million m. Work on raising the height of the dams began in 1970. Upon completion in 1973, the reservoir capacity was increased to 230 million m.</p><br>
<p>One main dam and three service dams were built to shut the cove off from the sea. The cove was then drained and was converted into a fresh-water lake.</p><br>
<p>The dam of the Reservoir is 28m tall and approximately 2 km long. Besides rain from its catchment, it also stores water imported by pipes from Dongjiang. The Bride&#39;s Pool flows into the Plover Cove Reservoir.</p><br>
<h2>Displaced people</h2><br>
<p>The creation of the Plover Cove Reservoir necessitated the displacement of the inhabitants of a number of Hakka villages which were covered by the reservoir. The Hakka villagers were compensated by the Hong Kong British colonial government with apartments and shop units along Kwong Fuk Road in Tai Po which were built for their resettlement there.</p><br>
<p>Fisherman who used to live at the original Sam Mun Tsai site, close to Tai Kau of Luk Heung, now at the northeastern shore of Reservoir, were relocated to Sam Mun Tsai New Village on the island of Yim Tin Tsai (Tai Po District) in 1966. At the time, 36 families were moved to housing on land.</p><br>
<h2>The reservoir today</h2><br>
<p>Plover Cove Reservoir is a natural fish pond that supports a diverse wildlife, including many freshwater fish species. Tai Mei Tuk at the northwestern end of the main dam is a popular barbecue site in Hong Kong.</p><br>
<p>Little Tahoma Peak, also called Little Tahoma, is a satellite peak of Mount Rainier in Pierce County, Washington and in Mount Rainier National Park. It is quite noticeable from Seattle over 60 mi away.</p><br>
<p>Little Tahoma Peak is a volcanic remnant. It was part of a larger Mount Rainier which has eroded. The rock is quite unstable and in 1963 a large avalanche originating below it covered the lower section of Emmons Glacier with rock debris. The Fryingpan Glacier and Whitman Glacier are located just to the east of the peak.</p><br>
<p>Little Tahoma Peak can most easily be accessed from Summerland, an alpine meadow area in Mount Rainier National Park. The first recorded ascent was on August 29, 1894 by JB Flett and Henry H. Garrison who climbed from Summerland using the east shoulder.</p><br>
<p>If considered on its own, Little Tahoma would be the third-highest peak in Washington.</p><br>
<p>Inle Lake , is a freshwater lake located in the Nyaungshwe Township of Taunggyi District of Shan State, part of Shan Hills in Myanmar . It is the second largest lake in Myanmar with an estimated surface area of 44.9 square miles, and one of the highest at an elevation of 2,900 ft. During the dry season, the average water depth is 7 ft, with the deepest point being 12 ft, but during the rainy season this can increase by 5 ft.</p><br>
<p>The watershed area for the lake lies to a large extent to the north and west of the lake. The lake drains through the Nam Pilu or Balu Chaung on its southern end. There is also a hot spring on its northwestern shore.</p><br>
<p>Although the lake is not large, it contains a number of endemic species. Over twenty species of snails and nine species of fish are found nowhere else in the world. Some of these, like the silver-blue scaleless Sawbwa barb, the crossbanded dwarf danio, and the Lake Inle danio, are of minor commercial importance for the aquarium trade. It hosts approximately 20,000 brown and black head migratory seagulls in November, December and January.</p><br>
<p>In June 2015, it became Myanmars first designated place of World Network of Biosphere Reserves. It was one of 20 places added at the Unescos 27th Man and the Biosphere (MAB) International Coordinating Council (ICC) meeting.</p><br>
<h2>People and culture</h2><br>
<p>The people of Inle Lake (called Intha), some 70,000 of them, live in four cities bordering the lake, in numerous small villages along the lake&#39;s shores, and on the lake itself. The entire lake area is in Nyaung Shwe township. The population consists predominantly of Intha, with a mix of other Shan, Taungyo, Pa-O (Taungthu), Danu, Kayah, Danaw and Bamar ethnicities. Most are devout Buddhists, and live in simple houses of wood and woven bamboo on stilts; they are largely self-sufficient farmers.</p><br>
<p>Transportation on the lake is traditionally by small boats, or by somewhat larger boats fitted with single cylinder inboard diesel engines. Local fishermen are known for practicing a distinctive rowing style which involves standing at the stern on one leg and wrapping the other leg around the oar. This unique style evolved out of necessity as the lake is covered by reeds and floating plants, making it difficult to see above them while sitting. Standing provides the rower with a view beyond the reeds. However, the leg rowing style is only practiced by the men. Women row in the customary style, using the oar with their hands, sitting cross legged at the stern.</p><br>
<p>Fish caught from the lake - the most abundant kind is called nga hpein locally (Inle carp, Cyprinus intha) - are a staple of the local diet. A popular local dish is htamin gyin - fermented rice kneaded with fish and/or potato - served with hnapyan gyaw (literally twice fried - Shan tofu). In addition to fishing, locals grow vegetables and fruit in large gardens that float on the surface of the lake. The floating garden beds are formed by extensive manual labor. The farmers gather up lake-bottom weeds from the deeper parts of the lake, bring them back in boats and make them into floating beds in their garden areas, anchored by bamboo poles. These gardens rise and fall with changes in the water level, and so are resistant to flooding. The constant availability of nutrient-laden water results in these gardens being incredibly fertile. Rice cultivation and consumption is also significant facet of the local diet and agricultural tradition.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<h2>Environmental concerns</h2><br>
<p>Inle Lake is suffering from the environmental effects of increased population and rapid growth in both agriculture and tourism. During the 65-year period from 1935 to 2000, the net open water area of Inle Lake decreased from 69.10 km² to 46.69 km², a loss of 32.4%, with development of ﬂoating garden agriculture, which occurs largely on the west side of the lake (a practice introduced in the 1960s).</p><br>
<p>Lumber removal and unsustainable cultivation practices (slash and burn farming techniques) on the hills surrounding the lake are causing ever-increasing amounts of silt and nutrients to run off into the rivers that feed the lake, especially along its western and northern watershed areas. This silt fills up the lake; the nutrients encourage the growth of weeds and algae. More important however is the development of floating garden agriculture, largely along the western side of the lake. This practice encroaches into the diminishing area of the lake, since over time, the floating beds become solid ground. About 93% (nearly 21 km²) of the recent loss in open water area of the lake, largely along its western side, is thought to be due to this agricultural practice. Direct environmental impacts associated with these combined agricultural activities within the wetlands and surrounding hills of the lake include sedimentation, eutrophication, and pollution.</p><br>
<p>The water hyacinth, a plant not native to the lake, also poses a major problem. It grows rapidly, filling up the smaller streams and large expanses of the lake, robbing native plants and animals of nutrients and sunlight. At one time, all boats coming into Nyaung Shwe were required to bring in a specified amount of water hyacinth. Over the past twenty years, large-scale use of dredges and pumps has been employed with some success in controlling the growth of this plant. On a smaller scale, public awareness education and small-scale control have also been successful.</p><br>
<p>Another cause for concern is the planned introduction of non-native fish species, such as the Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) intended to improve fishery.</p><br>
<p>Sanitation in the villages around the lake is an ongoing concern for public health authorities, due to untreated sewage (with 72% of households using open pits, not latrines) and waste water flowing into the lake. To ensure fresh and clean water, some villages now have enclosed wells and public access to the well water. Some studies of the lake&#39;s surface water quality indicates that the water is not safe for consumption. Water from Inle Lake has dissolved oxygen ranges lower than those necessary for fisheries and aquatic life, while nitrite, nitrate and phosphate ranges are unusually high.</p><br>
<p>Noise pollution is also a noticeable issue. The noise from the cheaper poorly muffled diesel engines driving the stern drive propellers is significant, and can be a distraction to the otherwise tranquil lake.</p><br>
<p>The summer of 2010 registered very high temperatures causing the water level of the lake to drop so low, the lowest in nearly 50 years, that drinking water had to be fetched from elsewhere and the floating market was in danger of disappearing. One other serious consequence was that the hydroelectric plant at Lawpita, where the former capital Yangon received its power supply from, could not operate at its full capacity.</p><br>
<p>In 2015 the United Nations added Inle lake to its World Network Biosphere Reserves. There are a total of 651 sites in 120 countries in this network, but Inle Lake is the first biosphere reserve to be added for Myanmar.</p><br>
<h2>Tourism</h2><br>
<p>Inle Lake is a major tourist attraction, and this has led to some development of tourist infrastructure. Many small and large privately owned hotels and tour operations have arisen during the past few years. Local shops are flooded with consumer items, both local and foreign. The nearest airport is Heho Airport which is 35 km away. There are flights from both Yangon and Mandalay. Yangon is 660 km away by road, Mandalay 330 km.</p><br>
<p>A number of festivals occur from August to October on Inle Lake and in the surrounding areas. The ceremonial Hpaung Daw U Festival, which lasts for a total of 18 days, is closely followed by the Thadingyut festival of lights. Inthas and Shan turn out in their best clothes in great numbers to celebrate the Buddhist Lent. Traditional boat racing, with dozens of leg-rowers in traditional Shan dress compete on teams with a team on each boat. These boat races are locally one of the most anticipated affairs during the Hpaung Daw U Festival.</p><br>
<p>Hand-made goods for local use and trading are another source of commerce. Typical products include tools, carvings and other ornamental objects, textiles, and cheroots. A local market serves most common shopping needs and is held daily but the location of the event rotates through five different sites around the lake area, thus each of them hosting an itinerant market every fifth day. When held on the lake itself, trading is conducted from small boats. This floating-market event tends to emphasize tourist trade much more than the other four.</p><br>
<p>The Inle lake area is renowned for its weaving industry. The Shan-bags, used daily by many Burmese as a tote-bag, are produced in large quantities here. Silk-weaving is another very important industry, producing high-quality hand-woven silk fabrics of distinctive design called Inle longyi. A unique fabric from the lotus plant fibers is produced only at Inle lake and is used for weaving special robes for Buddha images called kya thingahn (lotus robe).</p><br>
<p>While hot air balloon flights are more popular in Bagan, they are also provided over Inle Lake with. There is also a winery near the lake, called.</p><br>
<h2>Cuisine</h2><br>
<p>Inle cuisine is different from Shan cuisine, as it incorporates local natural produce. The most well-known Inle dish would be the Htamin jin -</p><br>
<p>a rice, tomato and potato or fish salad kneaded into round balls dressed and garnished with crisp fried onion in oil, tamarind sauce, coriander and spring onions often with garlic, Chinese chives roots (ju myit), fried whole dried chili, grilled dried fermented bean cakes (pè bouk) and fried dried tofu (topu jauk kyaw) on the side.</p><br>
<p>Lake Ossiach  is a lake in the Austrian state of Carinthia. It is the state&#39;s third largest lake, superseded only by Lake Wörth and Lake Millstatt.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>It is situated in the southern Nock Mountains range of the Gurktal Alps along the road from Villach to Feldkirchen, at a height of 501 m AA. It reaches a maximum depth of 52.6 m, the surface area is about 10.8 km&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>Ossiacher See is a dimictic lake with mixing periods in spring and in late autumn. In summer the waters reach 28 °C at the surface. Several uninhabited parts of the shore are protected as natural reserves. The main inflow is the Tiebel creek in the eastern bay, where the Bleistatt mire is currently re-naturalised. The lake empties via the Seebach stream to the Drava river.</p><br>
<p>There are five main villages surrounding the lake, all of them mainly dependent on summer tourism: Annenheim and Sattendorf, both parts of the Treffen municipality, Bodensdorf and Steindorf, all located on the northern shore, as well as Ossiach with Ossiach Abbey, after which the lake is named. The Gerlitzen mountain on the northern shore rises up to 1,909 m, offering panoramic views over the surrounding ranges. From Annenheim, the Kanzelhöhe subpeak can be reached by cable car, built in 1928 by the Bleichert engineering company.</p><br>
<p>Pavey Ark is a fell in the English county of Cumbria. It is one of the Langdale Pikes, lying to the north of Great Langdale, in the heart of the Lake District, immediately to the north-east of Harrison Stickle.</p><br>
<h2>Topography</h2><br>
<p>From the shores of Stickle Tarn, Pavey Ark gives the impression of being a rocky ridge. In fact this is misleading, and the north-western side is simply an undulating area of moorland, rising towards Thunacar Knott. The summit plateau is characterised by tarns, rocky outcrops and bilberry terraces.</p><br>
<p>Pavey Ark is the largest cliff in the Langdales, but faces east over Stickle Tarn and is less prominent from the floor of Great Langdale away to the south. The main face is a little over a quarter of a mile across and drops about 400 ft. To the south-west it merges into the crags of Harrison Stickle, while the northern end peters out into the valley of Bright Beck. Stickle Tarn is wholly within the territory of the Ark, a corrie tarn which has been dammed to create additional capacity. The stone-faced barrage is low enough not to spoil the character of the pool, and the water is used for public consumption in the hotels and homes below. The tarn has a depth of around 50 ft.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The face is an outcrop of the formation named for the fell, the Pavey Ark Member. This consists of pebbly sandstone and breccia and is set within the Seathwaite Fell Formation of volcaniclastic sandstone with interbeds of tuff, lapilli-tuff, breccia and conglomerate.</p><br>
<h2>Ascents</h2><br>
<p>Pavey Ark is most often climbed from the New Dungeon Ghyll Hotel, located some 1¼ miles (2 kilometres) to the south. The route follows Mill Gill up to Stickle Tarn, which can also be reached via a much less popular and more strenuous path following the Dungeon Ghyll ravines. From Stickle Tarn there is a choice of routes; one of the most popular is to follow a diagonal slit on Pavey Arks craggy south-eastern face. This route is known as Jacks Rake, and requires scrambling. Alternative, easier, ascents are available on either side of the main crag.</p><br>
<p>Jacks Rake is the most famous ascent of the Pavey Ark precipice. It is classified as a Grade 1 scramble, but it is within the capability of many walkers, though it does require a head for heights and is considerably harder in bad weather. The rake starts beneath the East Buttress at the precipices eastern end, near a large cairn (with a tablet marked JWS 1900) immediately north of Stickle Tarn, and then climbs west across the face of the crag. The rake follows a natural groove in the precipice face and is clearly indicated by several Ash trees. Wainwright wrote that for fellwalkers Jack&#39;s Rake is "difficult and awkward", although there is "curiously little sense of exposure, for a comforting parapet of rock accompanies all the steeper parts of the ascent". The summit is a short walk from the top exit of the rake, which is also used as a descent route and by rockclimbers accessing the climbs on the cliff face.</p><br>
<p>In separate incidents, two walkers fell to their deaths from Jack&#39;s Rake in June 2012.</p><br>
<p>As with Lords Rake on Scafell Crag, the word rake&#39; refers to a path across major precipices, originally used by climbers for access to rock climbs, but which can also be used by walkers.</p><br>
<p>Pavey Ark can also be ascended from Stickle Tarn via Easy Gully, North Rake or by the path to Harrison Stickle. Easy Gully is a steep walk on scree between the crags at the eastern end of the precipice, starting from the same place as Jack&#39;s Rake, and is blocked by large boulders near the top, where tough scrambling is required. North Rake (so named by Wainwright) starts from the path to High Raise at the very eastern end of the cliff and rises west over the top of the East Buttress. This is a much less exposed and strenuous walking route to the summit.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>There is no cairn on the bare rock of the summit, set back a few yards from the edge and a little to the north of the exit from Jack&#39;s Rake. The view north-west is perhaps spoilt by the long slopes of High Raise, but the Eastern and Southern Fells are well seen</p><br>
<h2>Rock climbs</h2><br>
<p>The Pavey Ark crag is split by several large gullies and chimneys — Little Gully, Great Gully, Crescent Gully, Gwynne&#39;s Chimney and Rake End Chimney. Other climbs include Crescent Slabs, Arcturus, Cruel Sister, Mother Courage, Sixpence and Impact Day.</p><br>
<p>Placentia Bay  is a body of water on the southeast coast of Newfoundland, Canada. It is formed by Burin Peninsula on the west and Avalon Peninsula on the east. Fishing grounds in the bay were used by native people long before the first European fishermen arrived in the 16th century. For a time, the French controlled the bay. They built their capital at Placentia on the east coast. The British gained Placentia during the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713. The town and nearby Castle Hill are national historic sites. English settlement followed in the bay and today the main communities are Burin, Marystown, and Placentia.</p><br>
<p>On 14 August 1941 US Naval Station Argentia located in Little Placentia Sound was the site of the Atlantic Conference for the Atlantic Charter, where Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt met face to face for the first time since both took office and the start of World War II.</p><br>
<p>Sepulveda Pass  is a low mountain pass through the Santa Monica Mountains in Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>It connects the Los Angeles Basin to the San Fernando Valley via the San Diego Freeway (I-405) and Sepulveda Boulevard. The crossing experiences heavy traffic (over 330,000 cars a day) on a regular basis, commonly experiencing major traffic slowdowns lasting hours.</p><br>
<p>The 405 was recently widened by Los Angeles Metro, the countys transportation authority. The project took 3 years to complete. Additionally, funding has been secured to construct an expansion to Los Angeless public transportation system through the Sepulveda Pass, but the plan has not been finalized.</p><br>
<p>The Sepulveda pass on Interstate 405 begins just south of Ventura Boulevard in the San Fernando Valley, climbing to just south of Mulholland Drive, then descending to just north of Sunset Boulevard, where I-405 and Sepulveda Boulevard enter the Brentwood and Westwood areas of West Los Angeles. Northbound I-405 has five lanes (plus a sixth as the Ventura exit is approached), while Southbound I-405 has four lanes plus a carpool lane (although on the ascending portion there is a climbing lane).</p><br>
<p>Sepulveda Boulevard has two lanes in each direction and runs west of I-405 until the middle of the pass, where it crosses under and runs east of the freeway.</p><br>
<p>Bel Air Presbyterian Church, founded in 1956, opened its church on Mulholland Drive in 1960. Beginning with The Westland School in 1965, a number of other educational and cultural institutions have located in the vicinity of Sepulveda Pass, creating an "institutional corridor" as an exception to the Mulholland Scenic Parkway Specific Plan&#39;s general prohibition of such development along the crest of the mountains. The institutions along Mulholland Drive now also include Stephen S. Wise Temple, American Jewish University, the Skirball Cultural Center, Milken Community High School, The Mirman School, Berkeley Hall School, and The Curtis School. To the south is the large campus of the Getty Center.</p><br>
<p>The Margaret Mitchell House is a historic house museum located in Atlanta, Georgia. The structure was the home of author Margaret Mitchell. It is located in Midtown, at 990 Peachtree Street. Constructed by Cornelius J. Sheehan as a single-family residence in a then-fashionable section of residential Peachtree Street, the building&#39;s original address was 806 Peachtree Street. The house was known as the Crescent Apartments when Mitchell and her husband lived in Apt. 1 on the ground floor from 1925 to 1932. While living there, Mitchell wrote the bulk of her Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, Gone with the Wind.</p><br>
<p>The house now contains a visitor center, and a portion of the museum is wholly devoted to the making of the 1939 film based on the book.</p><br>
<p>The house is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is also designated as a historic building by the City of Atlanta.</p><br>
<h2>House history</h2><br>
<p>The house was built as a single-family residence in 1899. Commercial development quickly overtook the neighborhood, however, and in 1907 the original family moved to Druid Hills. The house changed hands several times until the winter of 1913–14 when the house was moved onto a new basement story constructed on the rear of the lot. Given a Crescent Avenue address, the building was remodeled in 1919 and converted into a ten-unit apartment building, known as the Crescent Apartments, and "three brick stores" were built where the house had originally sat. Located in what was then Atlantas largest business district outside of downtown, close to trolley lines, and walking distance from her parents house, the Crescent Apartments was home to Margaret Mitchell and John Marsh when they married in July 1925. Unfortunately, the buildings owner became over-extended, and it was sold at auction in 1926. The next owner, too, was driven to bankruptcy when the stock market crashed in 1929. Maintenance declined, contributing to Mitchells characterization of their apartment as "the Dump." By the fall of 1931, there were only two occupied apartments in the building, one of which belonged to the Marshes, but they, too, moved to a larger apartment a few blocks away in the spring of 1932.</p><br>
<p>With a new owner, the Crescent Apartments were revived and continued to attract tenants until shortly after World War II. By then, the building was in poor condition, and in 1946 the porches were removed from the Crescent Avenue side of the building. (The original front porches were lost when the building was moved in 1913). By the 1950s, the building was mostly vacant and overdue for rehabilitation. There were a few commercial tenants, and the old apartments were popular with Georgia Tech students. In 1964, the opening nearby of Ansley Mall signaled the death knell for the old commercial district on Peachtree Street between 8th and 14th. But at the same time, the Crescent Apartments got a much-needed rehab and were reborn as the Windsor House Apartments.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, the last tenants were evicted and the building boarded up by a new owner who intended a major redevelopment of the area. By the time he and his company went bankrupt in the late 1980s, their only accomplishment was construction of a new office building at 10th and West Peachtree and the razing of dozens of historic buildings in the area. The old Crescent Apartments continued to deteriorate, especially after a fire set in the southwest corner of the building did minor damage in the late 1980s. However, another fire, presumed to be arson, destroyed much of the building in September 1994.</p><br>
<p>The house is included on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site consists of several buildings including Martin Luther King Jr.&#39;s boyhood home and the original Ebenezer Baptist Church, the church where King was baptized and both his father Martin Luther King Sr. and he were pastors. These places, critical to the interpretation of the life of Martin Luther King Jr. and his legacy as a leader of the American Civil Rights Movement, were included in the National Historic Site when it was established on October 10, 1980.</p><br>
<p>In total, the buildings included in the site make up 35 acres (0.14 km²). The visitor center contains a museum that chronicles the American Civil Rights Movement and the path of Martin Luther King Jr. An 1894 firehouse (Fire Station No. 6) served the Sweet Auburn community until 1991, and now contains a gift shop and an exhibit on desegregation in the Atlanta Fire Department. The "I Have a Dream" International World Peace Rose Garden, and a memorial tribute to Mohandas K. Gandhi are part of the site, as is the "International Civil Rights Walk of Fame" which commemorates some of the courageous pioneers who worked for social justice.</p><br>
<p>Annual events celebrating Martin Luther King Jr. Day in January typically draw large crowds. Speakers have included Presidents of the United States, national and local politicians, and civil rights leaders. Remembrances are also held during Black History Month (February), and on the anniversary of King&#39;s April 4, 1968, assassination in Memphis, Tennessee.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Martin Luther King Jr. Historic District, an area bounded roughly by Irwin, Randolph, Edgewood, Jackson, and Auburn avenues, was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on May 2, 1974. The district included Ebenezer Baptist Church, Kings grave site and memorial, Dr. Kings birthplace, shotgun row houses, Victorian houses, the Alexander Hamilton House, the Atlanta Baptist Preparatory Institute site, Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Colored Mission, Fire Station No. 6, and the Triangle Building at the intersection of Old Wheat Street and Auburn Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Much of the area was designated as a national historic landmark district on May 5, 1977.</p><br>
<p>By USA Congressional legislation, the site with associated buildings and gardens was authorized as a national historic site on October 10, 1980; it is administered by the National Park Service (NPS). A 22.4 acre area including 35 contributing properties was covered, including 22 previously included in the NRHP historic district. The area covered in the NRHP designation was enlarged on June 12, 2001.</p><br>
<h2>Martin Luther King's Birth Home</h2><br>
<p>The King Birth Home is located at 501 Auburn Avenue in the Sweet Auburn historic district. Built in 1895, it sits about a block east of Ebenezer Baptist Church. Kings maternal grandparents, Reverend Adam Daniel (A.D.) Williams, who was pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church, and his wife, Jennie Williams, bought the house for $3,500 in 1909. In 1926, when Kings father married Alberta Williams, the couple moved into the house, where King Jr. was born in 1929.</p><br>
<p>The King family lived in the house until 1941. It was then converted into a two-family dwelling. The Rev. A. D. Williams King, Dr. King&#39;s brother, lived on the second floor in the 1950s and early 1960s.</p><br>
<p>The first level includes the front porch, parlor, study, dining room, kitchen, laundry, bedroom and a bathroom. The second level includes four bedrooms and a bathroom. The visitor center offers free tours of the house led by National Park Service rangers, but with limited availability.</p><br>
<h2>King Center</h2><br>
<p>Coretta Scott King started the Martin Luther King Jr. Center for Nonviolent Social Change in the basement of the couples home in the year following Kings 1968 assassination. In 1981, the center was moved into a multimillion-dollar facility on Auburn Avenue, near King&#39;s birth home and next to Ebenezer Baptist Church, where he preached from 1960 until his death.</p><br>
<p>In 1977, a memorial tomb was dedicated to King. His remains were moved to the tomb, on a plaza between the center and the church. King&#39;s gravesite and a reflecting pool are located next to Freedom Hall. After her death, Mrs. King was interred with her husband on February 7, 2006. An eternal flame is located nearby.</p><br>
<p>Freedom Hall at 449 Auburn Avenue features exhibits about Dr. and Mrs. King, Mahatma Gandhi and American activist Rosa Parks. It hosts special events and programs associated with civil rights and social justice. It contains a Grand Foyer, large theater/conference auditorium, bookstore and resource center, and various works of art from across the globe. The Grand Foyer features art from Africa and Georgia. The paneling lining the staircase is from the sapeli tree, which grows in Nigeria.</p><br>
<p>As of 2006, the King Center is a privately owned inholding within the authorized boundaries of the national historic site. The King family has debated among themselves as to whether they should sell it to the National Park Service to ensure preservation.</p><br>
<h2>Visitor center</h2><br>
<p>The visitor center at 449 Auburn Avenue was built in 1996 and features the multimedia exhibit Courage To Lead, which follows the parallel paths of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement. Visitors can also walk down a stylized "Freedom Road". The Children of Courage exhibit, geared towards children, tells the story of the children of the Civil Rights Movement with a challenge to our youth today. Video programs are presented on a continuing basis and there is a staffed information desk.</p><br>
<h2>Gandhi Promenade</h2><br>
<p>The statue of Mohandas Gandhi was donated by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, India, in collaboration with The National Federation of Indian American Associations and The Embassy of India, USA. The inscribed bronze plaque reads:</p><br>
<h2>International Civil Rights Walk of Fame</h2><br>
<p>The "International Civil Rights Walk of Fame" was created in 2004 and honors some of the participants in the Civil Rights Movement. The walk along the Promenade, includes footsteps, marked in granite and bronze. According to the National Park Service, the Walk of Fame was created to "pay homage to the "brave warriors" of justice who sacrificed and struggled to make equality a reality for all." The new addition to the area is expected to enhance the historic value of the area, enrich cultural heritage, and augment tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>The "Walk of Fame" is the brainchild of Xernona Clayton, founder and executive producer of the renowned Trumpet Awards and a civil rights activist in her own right. Ms. Clayton said, "This is a lasting memorial to those whose contributions were testaments to the fact that human progress is neither automatic nor inevitable. This historic site will serve as a symbol of pride and a beacon of hope for all future generations. We are looking forward to building a monument to the civil struggle that depicts every step taken toward the goal of justice and the tireless exertions and passionate concern of these dedicated individuals."</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, previously known as Villa Vizcaya, is the former villa and estate of businessman James Deering, of the Deering McCormick-International Harvester fortune, on Biscayne Bay in the present day Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, Florida. The early 20th century Vizcaya estate also includes: extensive Italian Renaissance gardens; native woodland landscape; and a historic village outbuildings compound. The landscape and architecture were influenced by Veneto and Tuscan Italian Renaissance models and designed in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, with Baroque elements. Paul Chalfin was the design director.</p><br>
<p>Miami-Dade County now owns the Vizcaya property, as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which is open to the public. The location is served by the Vizcaya Station of the Miami Metrorail.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The estate property originally consisted of 180 acre of shoreline Mangrove swamps and dense inland native tropical forests. Being a conservationist, Deering sited the development of the estate portion along the shore to conserve the forests. This portion was to include the villa, formal gardens, recreational amenities, expansive lagoon gardens with new islets, potager and grazing fields, and a village services compound. The villa was built primarily between 1914 and 1922, at a cost of $15,000,000, while the construction of the extensive elaborate Italian Renaissance gardens and the village continued into 1923. During the World War I years building trades and supplies were difficult to acquire in Florida. Vizcaya is noteworthy for adapting historical European aesthetic traditions to South Florida&#39;s subtropical ecoregion. For example; it combined imported French and Italian garden layouts and elements implemented in Cuban limestone stonework with Floridian coral architectural trim and planted with sub-tropic compatible and native plants that thrived in the habitat and climate. Palms and Philodendrons had not been represented in the emulated gardens of Tuscany or Île-de-France.</p><br>
<p>Deering used Vizcaya as his winter residence from 1916 until his death in 1925. Paul Chalfin, a former art curator, painter, and interior designer, was the projects director. The estates name refers to the northern Spanish province Vizcaya (In English Biscay), in the Basque region along the east Atlantics Bay of Biscay, as Vizcaya is on the west Atlantics Biscayne Bay. Records indicate Deering wished the name also to commemorate an early Spaniard named Vizcaya who he thought explored the area, although later he was corrected that the explorers name was Sebastián Vizcaíno. Deering used the Caravel, a type of ship style used during the Age of Exploration&#39;, as the symbol and emblem of Vizcaya. A representation of the mythical explorer "Bel Vizcaya" welcomes visitors at the entrance to the property.</p><br>
<p>Vizcayas villa exterior and garden architecture is a composite of different Italian Renaissance villas and gardens, with French Renaissance parterre features, based on visits and research by Chalfin, Deering, and Hoffman. The villa facades primary influence is the Villa Rezzonico designed by Baldassarre Longhena at Bassano del Grappa in the Veneto region of northern Italy. It is referred to sometimes as the "Hearst Castle of the East".</p><br>
<p>James Deering died in September 1925, on board the steamship SS City of Paris en route back to the United States. After his death Vizcaya was inherited by his two nieces, Marion Chauncey Deering McCormick and Ely Deering McCormick Danielson. Over the decades, after hurricanes and increasing maintenance costs, they began selling the estates surrounding land parcels and outer gardens. In 1945 they sold significant portions of the Vizcaya property to the Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine, Florida, to build Miamis Mercy Hospital. 50 acre comprising the main house, the formal gardens, and the village were retained. In 1952 Miami-Dade County acquired the villa and formal Italian gardens, needing significant restoration, for $1 million. Deerings heirs donated the villas furnishings and antiquities to the County-Museum. Vizcaya began operation in 1953 as the Dade County Art Museum. The village and remaining property were acquired by the County during the mid-1950s. In 1994 the Vizcaya estate was designated as a National Historic Landmark. In 1998, in conjunction with Vizcayas reaccreditation process by the American Alliance of Museums, the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Trust was formed to be the museums governing body.</p><br>
<h2>1971 robbery</h2><br>
<p>On March 22, 1971, three individuals from New York City stole approximately $1.5 million in artworks and silver items from the Villa Vizcaya, some of which were of historical value. This trio of reputed jewel thieves was arrested on March 25, 1971. Sergeant Tom Connolly from the New York Police Department raided the Manhattan apartment of Vojislav Stanimirovic and his wife Branka, and arrested them. The couples accomplice, Alexander Karalanovic, was also arrested, and all three were charged with suspicion of stolen property and possession of a dangerous weapon. From the Stanimirovics apartment approximately $250,000 of the stolen goods was recovered. Sergeant Connolly stated that included in the theft was a silver bowl that once belonged to Napoleon Bonaparte and was virtually priceless. According to Sergeant Connolly, the three perpetrators had been under surveillance for four months for unrelated mega jewel burglaries that they had carried out in the Manhattan Diamond District. NYPD Captain Thomas Kissane said that the vast majority of the precious items stolen from the Vizcaya were never recovered.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<h3>Vizcaya Museum and Gardens</h3><br>
<p>The Estate is now known officially as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which consists of 50 acre with the villa and the gardens, and the remaining native forest. The estate is a total of 50 acre, of which 10 acre contain the Italian Renaissance formal gardens, and 40 acre are circulation and the native hammock (jungle forest). The villa&#39;s museum contains more than seventy rooms of distinctive architectural interiors decorated with numerous antiques, with an emphasis on 15th through early 19th century European decorative art and furnishings. Currently owned by Miami-Dade County and governed by the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens Trust (formed in 1998), Vizcaya is located at 3251 South Miami Avenue in Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami, and is open to the public daily except Tuesdays, Thanksgiving, and Christmas Day. It has accreditation by the American Alliance of Museums.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya was built with an open-air courtyard and extensive gardens on Biscayne Bay. As such, the estate has been subject to environmental and hurricane damage, the latter notably in 1926, 1992, and 2005. Miami-Dade County has granted money ($50m USA) for the restoration and preservation of Vizcaya. These funds have been matched by grants from FEMA, Save Americas Treasures, and numerous other funders. Plans include restoration of the villa and gardens, and adaptation of the historic village compound for exhibition and educational facilities; however, additional funds are required for this. The completed first phase of this project has included rebuilding of the museums Cafe and Shop (in historic recreation areas of the building adjacent to the pool), renovation of the East and West Gate Lodges that flank South Miami Avenue, and rebuilding of the David A. Klein Orchidarium in a plan that generally uses historic precedent. At the same time, Vizcaya has completed the first half of a major conservation program of its outdoor sculpture collections. With a consulting landscape architect, Vizcaya has too finished a comprehensive cultural landscape report, which will be a vital tool in the ongoing restoration of the formal gardens.</p><br>
<p>In 2008 the National Trust for Historic Preservation listed Vizcaya as one of Americas Eleven Most Endangered Historic Places. As noted by the National Trusts website, Vizcayas inclusion on this list was based on the threat of proposed highrise development on neighboring property. Specifically, the National Trust stated: "Unless development is blocked or an intervention occurs, this cultural landscape will be permanently damaged by the construction of three high-rise condominium towers within Vizcayas historic viewshed." The proposed highrises were blocked by two court rulings and in 2010 the City of Miami included viewshed protection for historic properties like Vizcaya in its new zoning code, "Miami 21."</p><br>
<p>Other types of events are hosted by the museum to collect funds for its preservation. For example, every Halloween, Vizcaya organized a costume party, where people from all around Florida attend with their creative costumes. The cause of the event is to preserve and protect one of the jewels of South Florida.</p><br>
<h4>State occasions</h4><br>
<p>Vizcaya was the 1987 venue where President Ronald Reagan received Pope John Paul II on his first visit to Miami.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya was the 1994 location of the important First Summit of the Americas convened by President Bill Clinton. This began a series of Summits of the countries in The Americas. The thirty-four nations leaders that met at Vizcaya created the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), that all the hemispheres countries, except Cuba, could join for national and corporate trade benefits.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Hurricane Irma Status Update: Vizcaya endured significant storm damage. Vizcaya will assess when it can reopen to the public once power is fully restored and debris is adequately cleared, also donations 10% that will be made available from book and movie proceeds will go directly towards the restoration of " art " in the Vizcaya Museum until, fully repaired and restored to its former previous glory. The Vizcya Heist is a True Crime Story opted and being developed.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya has provided the setting for many films, both credited and uncredited. Deering himself enjoyed watching silent films in Vizcayas courtyard, and he had a particular interest in the works of Charlie Chaplin. External pictures of Vizcaya can be seen in the films Tony Rome, Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, Any Given Sunday, Bad Boys II, Airport 77, Haunts of the Very Rich, The Money Pit, and Iron Man 3. The music video for The Cover Girls song "Promise Me" from 1988 was filmed at Vizcaya. The music video for New Editions song "I&#39;m Still In Love With You" from 1996 was also filmed there.</p><br>
<p>Vizcaya is also an extremely popular location for weddings and other special events, given the site&#39;s architectural and natural beauty. For decades, the estate has been a subject of photography, and is a favored site for photographs of women celebrating their quinceañera (15th birthday).</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 2012, the AIA&#39;s Florida Chapter placed Vizcaya on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>Emmons Glacier is on the northeast flank of Mount Rainier, in Washington. At 4.3 square miles, it has the largest surface area of any glacier in the contiguous United States. The glacier was named after the geologist Samuel Franklin Emmons after his involvement in a survey of Mount Rainier in 1870.</p><br>
<p>Starting at an elevation of over 13,800 ft, the Emmons glacier flows down eastward. Near the Disappointment Cleaver at 12,200 ft, the Emmons is joined by the Ingraham Glacier flowing to the south. The glaciers flow together and remain connected until they split up upon reaching the wedge of Little Tahoma Peak. As the Emmons flows northeast, the massive glacier descends until it reaches its rocky lower terminus at about 5,100 ft in elevation.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s, the glacier was found to be receding quickly. However, in 1963, a rock fall from Little Tahoma Peak covered the lower glacier with rock debris. The debris cover insulated the ice from melting. As a result of decreased melting, the glacier advanced rapidly in the early 1980s. That advance was continuing by 1992, but at a slower rate; ice beneath the rock debris was melting irregularly and forming a vast hummocky area. By 2003, the glacier was again retreating. "In the past few decades the glaciers have been receding,</p><br>
<p>continuing a trend from the Little Ice Age."</p><br>
<p>Emmons Glacier is often used as a route (the Columbia Crest route) to climb to the summit of Mount Rainier. There is a Ranger Station at Camp Schurman which was established on the edge of the Steamboat Prow.</p><br>
<p>Mount John Laurie is a mountain in the Canadian Rockies, located in the province of Alberta, Canada.</p><br>
<p>Officially named Mount John Laurie in 1961, it is also known as Mount Laurie, or by the Nakoda name Mount Yamnuska, or simply Yamnuska. Yamnuska translates to "wall of stone." "Yamnuska" is derived from the Stoney Nakoda word "Iyamnathka" that describes steep cliffs or "the flat faced mountain."</p><br>
<p>John Lee Laurie, 1899-1959, was a founder of the Indian Association of Alberta. The mountain&#39;s 1961 renaming came at the request of the Stoney Nakoda First Nation. Laurie, an educator and political activist, served as secretary of the Indian Association of Alberta from 1944-1956, promoting the causes of Alberta native peoples.</p><br>
<p>Standing at approximately 2,240 meters above sea level, Mount John Laurie is the first mountain on the north side of the Bow River valley (Bow Valley) as it exits the mountains for the foothills and prairie of Alberta. Located close to Calgary, it is a popular "great scramble". It is also a popular rock climbing destination, with over 100 routes of all difficulty levels spread out across its face.</p><br>
<p>Mount John Laurie is the result of the McConnell Thrust Fault, which put the resistive, cliff forming Cambrian carbonate rock of the Eldon Formation on top of the much younger and weaker Cretaceous aged, clastic Belly River Formation The fault, which sits at the base of the cliff face, represents an age difference of around 450 million years.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>At the Highway 1X and Highway 1A (Bow Valley Trail) intersection, travel east for 2 kilometers. Turn into the signed parking lot that says "Yamnuska."</p><br>
<p>Newfound Gap  is a mountain pass located near the center of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park of the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States of America. Situated along the border of Tennessee and North Carolina, the state line crosses the gap, as does Newfound Gap Road . The Appalachian Trail also traverses the gap, as do a small number of other hiking trails.</p><br>
<p>Newfound Gap is also home to the Rockefeller Memorial, a popular destination within the national park and the site from where former USA President Franklin D. Roosevelt formally dedicated the park on September 2, 1940.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Weather Service, Newfound Gap has around 19 snowy days per year, comparable to 18 at Minneapolis, Minnesota. From 1991 to 2005, annual snowfall ranged from 43.5 in to 106 in.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Prior to the development of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Newfound Gap was an undiscovered pass two miles east of what was long thought to be the lowest mountain pass over the Great Smoky Mountains, Indian Gap. Indian Gap Road, an unpaved, arduous trail frequented by traders, farmers, and even by the Confederate Army during the American Civil War, was completed in 1839 and named after the old Cherokee Indian trail that the road paralleled. Newfound Gap itself was not recognized as the lowest gap in over the mountains until 1872, when Arnold Guyot measured many of the mountains in the area and determined the "Newfound Gap" to be a lower, more accessible mountain pass.</p><br>
<h2>Newfound Gap Road</h2><br>
<p>With the development of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park came the construction of a newer, more modern highway from Tennessee to North Carolina, completed in 1932 &ndash; this time crossing Newfound Gap, replacing the now-defunct Indian Gap Road. North of the park, it is now known as Great Smoky Mountains Parkway. The Gatlinburg Bypass, originally intended to be a part of the Foothills Parkway, extends out from the park to connect Newfound Gap Road south of town to the parkway north of town.</p><br>
<p>Despite its heavy winter snows, the pass is kept open all year, except during and just after winter storms. When closed, the snow route is a long detour around the east-northeast end of the park, using USA 321 and Interstate 40. The Tennessee side typically has heavier snow because of its north and northwestern exposure. Even when valley roads are clear and there is little snow in Gatlinburg (and almost none in Cherokee), Newfound Gap may have far deeper snow, and will be closed for several hours after significant snowfall ends. Additionally, being in a national park, Newfound Gap Road is only treated by snowplows and a gravel-sand mix, as no chemicals can be used for snow removal due to their harm to the environment.</p><br>
<p>The road was closed for days after the Great Blizzard of 1993, when 5 ft of snow fell, and snowdrifts piled up to twice that.</p><br>
<p>Wolfe Island is an island at the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River in Lake Ontario near Kingston, Ontario. Wolfe Island is part of Frontenac County, Ontario and the Township of Frontenac Islands. It is the largest of the Thousand Islands. The largest community on the island is Marysville. The island was part of the traditional hunting lands of the Tyendinaga Mohawk people and the original name of the island is Ganounkouesnot . It was called Grand Island . In a proclamation by the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada John Graves Simcoe on 16 July 1792, the island was renamed from Grand island to Wolfe island, after British General James Wolfe.</p><br>
<p>The island is about 29 km long, with its width varying from around 9 km to a few hundred metres at some points; its area is about 124 km&sup2;. The resident population is about 1400 people, but this can double or triple in summer. Wolfe Island has its own post office (K0H 2Y0) and telephone exchange (+1-613-385-).</p><br>
<p>Wolfe Island can be accessed by ferry from both Canada and the United States. The ferry from Kingston (Wolfe Islander III) is operated by the Ministry of Transportation and is free of charge. This ferry operates from two locations: the Summer Dock located in Marysville and the Winter Dock located at Dawson Point. This route includes a bubbler system that stretches to the Barrack Street Dock in Kingston, Ontario. This ferry service is currently being examined in an ongoing transportation study. The seasonal Hornes Ferry (May to October) toll ferry to Cape Vincent, New York, first licensed in 1802, is still operated by the descendants of the first licence-holder and is one of the rare Canada-US international border crossings to be privately operated (the others are the Windsor-Detroits Ambassador Bridge and Sombra–Marine City (Bluewater) Ferry).</p><br>
<p>A third ferry runs seasonally to join Wolfe Island to Simcoe Island.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Snowy owls are frequently seen on the island during winter. It is also an important stopover location for migrating waterfowl including swans in spring and fall. Wolfe Island is also home to a growing population of wild turkeys, and well as deer and other fauna. It is designated an Important Bird Area.</p><br>
<p>The Big Sandy Bay Management Area on Wolfe Island is a 404-hectare property, classified as a provincially significant life sciences Area of Natural and Scientific Interest. Sand dunes and wetlands allow rare plant species to flourish here. Rare trees and birds deemed to be significant either regionally or provincially are also found here. The environmental area is protected and no motorized vehicles are allowed, though there is ample free parking provided at the entrance. A well-marked and level walking trail leads to a large, secluded sand beach with shallows reaching out well into Lake Ontario. The beach is safe and family-friendly, but there are no services, so visitors are encouraged to bring their own refreshments and must carry out all garbage and recyclables to dispose of at home.</p><br>
<h2>Recreation and other facilities</h2><br>
<p>There is one golf course on Wolfe Island, a corn maze and three marked bicycle routes and country roads. The town of Marysville includes a bakery, restaurants and various other shops and services, as well as the largest church in the Thousand Islands (Sacred Heart of Mary Church). A new medical clinic opened in the spring of 2010. There is a volunteer fire and ambulance service on the island.</p><br>
<p>Additionally, Wolfe Island has Big Sandy Bay Management Area. During the summer months in Marysville the Old House Museum is in operation. There are two elementary schools on the island: Marysville Public School that is part of the Limestone District School Board and Sacred Heart Catholic School that is part of the Algonquin and Lakeshore Catholic District School Board.</p><br>
<p>In Marysville, the Township operates a tourist information centre seasonally.</p><br>
<p>The limestone Wolfe Island Town Hall is a National Historic Site of Canada.</p><br>
<h2>Development</h2><br>
<p>Wolfe Island is the site of most Kingston radio transmitters; CKWS TV and radio, CKLC, CIKR and CFRC transmit from the island. It also had historically been the site of various cheese factories, including one once operated by Kraft Foods.</p><br>
<p>A feature of Wolfe Island is the Wolfe Island Wind Project, a wind farm developed by Canadian Hydro Developers and now owned and operated by TransAlta. The 197.8 MW wind plant consists of 86 wind turbines, which have been in commercial operation since June 26, 2009. This is currently the second largest turbine project in Canada (the first being the Melancthon EcoPower Centre, located at Shelburne, Ontario).</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>Don Cherry</p><br>
<p>Ken Keyes</p><br>
<p>Grant Allen (February 24, 1848 – October 25, 1899)</p><br>
<p>Fr. Raymond de Souza</p><br>
<p>The Westcott House is a Frank Lloyd Wright-designed Prairie Style house in Springfield, Ohio. The house was built in 1908 for Mr. Burton J. Westcott, his wife Orpha, and their family. The Westcott property is the only Prairie style house designed by Wright in the state of Ohio. The grounds include the main house and a garage with stables connected by an extensive pergola.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>In 1903, as part of a merger, Burton J. Westcott came to Springfield, Ohio as Treasurer of The American Seeding Machine Company. He would hold the position for 21 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1916, Burton brought the Westcott Motor Car Company to Springfield, Ohio from Richmond, Indiana. He was president of the company until 1925. Wright designed a detached garage which included a design for a large turntable (never installed), similar to at a railroad yard. The garage also included two pony stables and was connected to the main house by a pergola.</p><br>
<p>Burton’s wife, Orpha, was from Hamilton, Ohio. The Westcotts had two children: Jeanne born in Richmond, Indiana in 1895, and John born in Springfield, Ohio in 1903. Orpha L. Westcott was considered one of Springfield, Ohios most prominent and progressive women, and is credited with suggesting the selection of Frank Lloyd Wright as the architect for their new home.</p><br>
<p>In 1918, the Westcotts built the only addition to their home, a summer porch on the second floor and a room below in keeping with the original design of the Prairie style architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright. By 1920, Jennie was no longer living in the Westcott House; she married Richard Rodgers from Springfield, Ohio. Their wedding was held at the house. The only other residents of the house were a cook named Nora and a housemaid named Margaret, both middle-aged and originally from Ireland.</p><br>
<p>The 1920s proved to be unhappy years for the Westcott family. Orpha died suddenly in April 1923 following a minor surgical procedure in Philadelphia. At the same time Burton’s company was failing. He resigned as treasurer of the American Seeding Machine Company in order to invest more time for the failing Westcott Motor Car Company. Attempts to save the ailing car company had exhausted his finances. With no other option Burton sold out. The severe stress in his life took its toll on his health. In 1926 at 57 years of age, he died in his home on East High Street while under the care of his sister from Richmond, Indiana. Funeral services were held at the Westcott residence; he was buried in Richmond, Indiana. Burton J. Westcott was a true leader, Renaissance man, innovator, and a manufacturing pioneer of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>Following the death of Burton in 1926, the Westcott House was sold to Roscoe Pierce. He lived in the house until his death in 1941. Eva Linton bought the house in 1944. She subsequently sub-divided the main house into five apartments. Linton also had the stables remodeled, adding a kitchen and bathroom, and converted the garage into her place of residence. Over the next 37 years the house fell into a state of disrepair and decline. Eva Linton died in 1980, and her estate was passed to her niece Dorothy Jane Snyder. Dorothy inherited the property in 1981 and maintained it until 1988 when she sold it to her son Ken Snyder and his wife Sherri.</p><br>
<h2>Westcott House Foundation</h2><br>
<p>In 1991, Ken died unexpectedly in a car accident. Sherri struggled to manage and maintain the house until she sold the house in 2000. The Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy acquired the decaying Westcott House from Mrs. Snyder for $300,000 through the use of their Lewis-Haines revolving loan program, and as part of the predefined purchase arrangement the house was subsequently sold on May 11, 2001, to the newly formed non-profit The Westcott House Foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Westcott House Foundation was organized by devoted group of Springfield preservationists and benefactors, bolstered with a multi-year $3.5 million grant from the local Turner Foundation, they bought the house from the Conservancy and committed to restore the all-but-lost historic residence. Chambers, Murphy and Burge of Akron, Ohio, and Schooley Caldwell Associates of Columbus, Ohio, were secured to be the lead architectural firms for the project. The nearly 5-year, $5.8 million, restoration of the Westcott House was completed in 2005, and was governed by goals and objectives set forth by the Westcott House Foundation and the Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy. More than four hundred architects, engineers, craftspeople and volunteers contributed to the effort. The Westcott House opened to the public on October 15, 2005.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Westcott House Foundation sponsors a lecture series, an array of educational programs for student, adults and educators, design exhibits, immersive art/multi-media events, design workshops, and social activities. The foundation strives to promote a greater understanding of Frank Lloyd Wright architecture, particularly about Wright’s concept of organic architecture, design process thinking, and design education. Guided tours are offered Wednesdays through Sundays.</p><br>
<p>Mount Akagi is a mountain in Gunma Prefecture, Japan.</p><br>
<p>The broad, low dominantly andesitic stratovolcano rises above the northern end of the Kanto Plain. It contains an elliptical, 3 x 4 km summit caldera with post-caldera lava domes arranged along a NW-SE line. Lake Ono is located at the NE end of the caldera. An older stratovolcano was partially destroyed by edifice collapse, producing a debris-avalanche deposit along the south flank. A series of large plinian eruptions accompanied growth of a second stratovolcano during the Pleistocene. Construction of the central cone in the late-Pleistocene summit caldera began following the last of the plinian eruptions about 31,000 years ago. During historical time unusual activity was recorded on several occasions during the 9th century, but reported eruptions in 1251 and 1938 are considered uncertain.</p><br>
<p>Mount Akagi, along with Mount Myōgi and Mount Haruna, is one of the "Three Mountains of Jōmō", and the cold north winds down from it are called or.</p><br>
<p>The Amagi-class aircraft carrier was named after Mount Akagi and was the flagship for the strike force commanded by Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo in the attack on Pearl Harbor. The carrier was later sunk in the Battle of Midway.</p><br>
<h2>Religion</h2><br>
<p>Mount Akagi is an object of worship in this region. On Ōno Lake, there is Akagi Shrine.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The upper portions of the prefectural road Route 4 approach the top of Mount Akagi. Kanetsu Kotsu Bus comes to Akagi Visitor Center from Maebashi Station or Fujimi Onsen Bus Stop.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>To the top of Mount Kurobi, the highest point of this mountain, it takes about three hours from the Akagi Hiroba Bus Stop.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The sixth Zatoichi film, Zatoichi and the Chest of Gold, is the destination of Ichi as he searches for the brigand Chuji.</p><br>
<p>Mount Akagi is mentioned in the street racing manga and anime series Initial D. The portions of Gunma Route 62 and Gunma Route 257 that pass by Mount Akagi are featured in numerous Initial D episodes. It is the home course of the racing team called the Akagi Red Suns.</p><br>
<p>Mount Akagi is also featured in the street racing game Tokyo Xtreme Racer: Drift 2 and the arcade/simulator game Auto Modellista.</p><br>
<p>Mt. Moon from the Pokémon franchise is based on Mount Akagi.</p><br>
<p>Mount Myōgi is one of the major mountains in the Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Well known for its rocks weathered into fantastic forms, this famous peak is ranked among Japan&#39;s three most noted places of rugged beauty. There are many hiking courses, and when the foliage changes color there are splendid views to be seen.</p><br>
<p>Mount Myōgi, along with Mount Akagi and Mount Haruna, is one of the "Three Mountains of Jōmō". (Jōmō is an old name for Gunma.)</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Mount Myōgi is mentioned in the street racing manga, video game, and anime series Initial D. It is the home course of the racing team called the Night Kids, and is the setting for three races in the anime and manga.</p><br>
<h2>1900 Massacre</h2><br>
<p>In February 1900 a Japanese man killed seven people at the shrine in Myōgi, Japan. The man grabbed a sword from a policeman, killed the chief priest and three attendants, and then turned against the crowd who had rushed to the scene, murdering three other people, before he himself was killed. (February 23, 1900)</p><br>
<p>Chiginagak Volcano is a stratovolcano on the Alaska Peninsula, located about 15 km NW of Chiginagak Bay.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>An unglaciated lava flow and an overlying pyroclastic-flow deposit extending east from the summit are the most recent products of Chiginagak. They most likely originated from a lava dome at 1687m on the SE flank, 1 km from the summit of the volcano. Brief ash eruptions were reported in July 1971 and August 1998. Fumarolic activity occurs at 1600m elevation on the NE flank of the volcano, and two areas of hot-spring travertine deposition are located at the NW base of the volcano near Volcano Creek.</p><br>
<p>A 400 m wide and 105 m deep acidified summit crater lake at Chiginagak formed after November 2004 and before May 2005. In early May 2005, a catastrophic release of acidic water from the lake, with an accompanying acidic aerosol component, drained and flooded Indecision and Volcano Creeks with acidic water, traveled 27 km downstream and flowed into the Mother Goose Lake, headwaters of the King Salmon River. Extensive vegetation damage occurred along the flood route and Mother Goose Lake was acidified (pH of 2.9-3.1), killing all aquatic life and preventing the annual salmon run. The lake now drains from the summit through an outlet cave into Indecision Creek. Indecision Creek now usually has a strong sulphur odor, yellow color and a pH of 1.2.</p><br>
<p>Chiginagak is an Eskimo language-name published in 1888 by the USBF.</p><br>
<p>Yantarni Volcano is an andesitic stratovolcano in the USA state of Alaska. It is located on the Alaska Peninsula, in the Aleutian Range, between Mount Aniakchak and Chiginadak volcanoes. The volcano was not discovered until 1979 due to its remote location, lack of documented historic activity, and its rather modest summit elevation. The mountain was named after nearby Yantarni Bay, which in turn was named by Russian explorers after the abundance of yantar in the area.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The current cycle of eruptive activity began in middle Pleistocene time with extrusion of andesitic lava flows, perhaps from multiple vents. By the late Pleistocene, central-vent volcanism had initiated construction of a small stratovolcano.</p><br>
<h2>800 BCE ± 500 years eruption</h2><br>
<p>The cone was breached sometime in the late Holocene, between 2 and 3.5 ka, during the only Holocene event.</p><br>
<p>The eruption was similar to that of Mount St. Helens. and was followed by the emplacement of 1 cu km of pyroclastic flows related to growth of the summit lava dome. It had a Volcanic Explosivity Index of 5</p><br>
<p>The Jade Bight  is a bight or bay on the North Sea coast of Germany. It was formerly known simply as Jade or Jahde. Because of the very low input of freshwater, it is classified as a bay rather than an estuary.</p><br>
<h2>Intrusion of the sea</h2><br>
<p>About 180 km² (70 mi²) in area, the Jade was largely created by storm floods during the 13th and 16th centuries. Since the early 14th century, it has joined eastward to the estuary of the river Weser. For some time, there were three permanent connecting branches and one flood bed between the river and the bight, forming an estuarine delta. The first of these junctions was closed in 1450 by dikes and the last one in 1515. However, about a century passed before most of the area flooded by these connections was regained for pasture and arable land.</p><br>
<p>In the west, the Jade extended far into the Frisian peninsula. From the early 16th century, a number of dikes were built against the storm floods and to gain arable land. The main dike, Ellenser Damm, was built between 1596 and 1615 by the County of Oldenburg before the agreement with the objecting County of East Frisia was finished successfully.</p><br>
<h2>Decay of the Frisian community</h2><br>
<p>The extension of Jade Bight and its branches fragmented the free Frisian territory of Rüstringen in Bant in the northwest, most of which has disappeared in the waves, Bovenjadingen ("Above the Jade") with the low moraine hills of Friesische Wehde in the southwest, Butjadingen ("Outside the Jade") in the northeast, which was an island for almost two centuries, and Stadland ("Bank-Land"), which became a narrow island along the left bank of the Weser in 1384. The devastation by floods and the losses of land weakened the Frisian community. In the years about 1400, the Free City of Bremen tried to rule Standland and Butjadingen. In the beginning of 16th Century, all countries around Jade Bight were conquered by the Counts of Oldenburg.</p><br>
<h2>Organized construction of dikes</h2><br>
<p>Together with the conquest of the island of Stadland, the Lockfleth, the largest branch of the Weser delta, was interrupted by a dike at Ovelgönne in 1515. In the next years the water course was cut off at more sites. The most important projects prior to 1650 were the Ellenser Damm across the Schwarzes Brack in the west of the bay in 1596 to 1615 and the New Hoben-Dike in the east in 1643. South of this dike, the coast became a mossy bog. The bog was affected by high floods, and dikes built on the bog proved to be very fragile.</p><br>
<h2>Harbour</h2><br>
<p>Tidal flows make the neck of Jade Bight the deepest natural channel near Germany&#39;s North Sea coast. In 1853, the Kingdom of Prussia bought a part of the western shore of the bay from Oldenburg, in order to use the harbour as a Prussian naval base, later called Wilhelmshaven. During World War I, the German High Seas Fleet (Hochseeflotte), the main battle fleet of the Imperial German Navy (Kaiserliche Marine), was based at Wilhelmshaven in the Jade Bight. After World War II, Wilhelmshaven became the main German port for the import of petrol.</p><br>
<h2>Nature</h2><br>
<p>The foreshore areas of Jade Bight form a part of the German Wadden Sea National Parks.</p><br>
<p>The Darwin D. Martin House Complex, also known as the Darwin Martin House National Historic Landmark, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and built between 1903 and 1905. Located at 125 Jewett Parkway in Buffalo, New York, it is considered to be one of the most important projects from Wright&#39;s Prairie School era, and ranks along with The Guggenheim in New York City and Fallingwater in Pennsylvania among his greatest works.</p><br>
<p>Wright scholar Robert McCarter said of it:</p><br>
<p>"It can be argued that the Martin House Complex... is the most important house design of the first half of Wright&#39;s career, matched only by Fallingwater over 30 years later."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Martin House Complex was the home of Darwin D. Martin, a businessman, his wife and family, his sister Delta and her husband George Barton.</p><br>
<p>Martin and his brother, William E. Martin, were co-owners of the E-Z Stove Polish Company based in Chicago. In 1902 William commissioned Wright to build him a home in Oak Park, the resultant William E. Martin House built in 1903. Upon viewing his brothers home Martin was significantly impressed to visit Wrights Studio, and persuaded Wright to view his property in Buffalo, where he planned to build two houses.</p><br>
<p>Martin was instrumental in selecting Wright as the architect for the Larkin Administration Building, in downtown Buffalo, Wrights first major commercial project, in 1904. Martin was the secretary of the Larkin Soap Company and consequently Wright designed houses for other Larkin employees William R. Heath and Walter V. Davidson. Wright also designed the E-Z Stove Polish Companys Factory built in 1905.</p><br>
<p>Wright designed the complex as an integrated composition of connecting buildings, consisting of the primary building, the Martin House, a long pergola connecting with a conservatory, a carriage house-stable, and a smaller residence, the Barton House, built for George F. Barton and his wife Delta, Martin&#39;s sister. The complex also includes a gardener’s cottage, the last building completed.</p><br>
<p>Martin, disappointed with the small size of the conservatory, had a 60 ft (18m) long greenhouse constructed between the gardeners cottage and the carriage house, to supply flowers and plants for the buildings and grounds. This greenhouse was not designed by Wright, and Martin ignored Wrights offer "to put a little architecture on it".</p><br>
<p>Over the next twenty years a long-term friendship grew between Wright and Martin, to the extent that the Martins provided financial assistance and other support to Wright as his career unfolded.</p><br>
<p>Some twenty years later, in 1926, Wright designed the second major complex for the Martin family, Graycliff, a summer estate overlooking Lake Erie in nearby Derby, NY. The Blue-Sky Mausoleum Wright designed for the Martins in 1928, but never built, was finally installed at Buffalo&#39;s Forest Lawn Cemetery in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The complex exemplifies Wright&#39;s Prairie School ideal and is comparable with other notable works from this period in his career, such as the Robie House in Chicago and the Dana-Thomas House in Springfield, Illinois. Wright was especially fond of the Martin House design, referring to it for some 50 years as his "opus", and calling the complex "A well-nigh perfect composition". Wright kept the Martin site plan tacked to the wall near his drawing board for the next half century.</p><br>
<p>The main motives and indications were:</p><br>
<p>First – To reduce the number of necessary parts of the house and the separate rooms to a minimum, and make all come together as an enclosed space—so divided that light, air and vista permeated the whole with a sense of unity.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 Edward Bok of the Curtis Publishing Company, bent on improving American homes, invited architects to publish designs in the Ladies&#39; Home Journal, the plans of which readers could purchase for five dollars. Subsequently, the Wright design "A Home in a Prairie Town" was published in February 1901 and first introduced the term "Prairie Home". The Martin House, designed in 1903, bears a striking resemblance to that design. The facades are almost identical, except for the front entrance, and the Martin House repeats most of the Journal House ground floor. An awkward failure was no direct connection from the kitchen to the dining room. The Journal House had a serving pantry, but Wright was forced to give this up to accommodate the pergola.</p><br>
<p>Of particular significance are the fifteen distinctive patterns of 394 art glass windows that Wright designed for the entire complex, some of which contain over 750 individual pieces of jewel-like iridescent glass, that act as “light screens” to visually connect exterior views with the spaces within. More patterns of art glass were designed for the Martin House than for any other of Wright&#39;s Prairie Houses.</p><br>
<p>Walter Burley Griffin landscaped the grounds, which were created as integral to the architectural design. A semi-circular garden which contained a wide variety of plant species, chosen for their blossoming cycles to ensure blooms throughout the growing season, surrounded the Martin House veranda.</p><br>
<h2>Complex</h2><br>
<h3>The Complex</h3><br>
<p>The Complex is located within the Parkside East Historic District of Buffalo, which was laid out by the American landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted in 1876. Darwin Martin purchased the land in 1902. Construction began in 1903, and completed with Wright signing off on the project in 1907. The original complete Martin House Complex was 29080 ft (2700m).</p><br>
<h3>The Martin House</h3><br>
<p>Built between 1904 and 1905, On the ground floor an entry hall bisects the house. To the right, behind a large double sided hearth, is a central living room. The room is flanked by a dining room and library which together create a long continuous space. The other axis, centered on the hearth, continues the living room out to a large covered veranda. To the left of the entry hall, is a reception room similar in size to the living room, the kitchen, and several smaller rooms. A separate mass provides for a reception room hearth, and one to the level above. The wing completes with a porte-cochère balancing the veranda. Above the entry hall, stairs wrap a small covered light well opening to the second floor. This floor provides eight bedrooms, four bathrooms, and a sewing room. The entry hall continues on axis to the pergola and conservatory beyond.</p><br>
<p>Martin had imposed no budget and Wright is believed to have spent close to $300,000. By comparison Martins brothers house cost about $5000, and the Ladies&#39; Home Journal house design an estimated price of $7000.</p><br>
<p>The Martin House is located at the south end of the complex, at 125 Jewett Parkway, Buffalo.</p><br>
<h3>The Barton House</h3><br>
<p>Construction on the Barton House began first in 1903 and not only was it the first building of the complex to be completed but also the first of Wright&#39;s in Buffalo. The principal living spaces are concentrated in the center two story portion of the house where the reception, living and dining areas open into each other. The two main bedrooms are on the second story, at either end of a narrow hall. On the ground floor the kitchen is at the north end, while a scaled veranda extends from the reception hall to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Barton House is on the east side of the complex, at 118 Summit Avenue, Buffalo.</p><br>
<h3>The Carriage House</h3><br>
<p>Originally the Carriage House served as a stable with horse stalls, a hay loft, and storage for a carriage, but soon became a garage with a service area for a car, and an upstairs apartment for a chauffeur. The Carriage House also contained the boilers for the complex&#39;s heating system. Built between 1903 and 1905, the original structure was demolished in 1962, and rebuilt during the restoration between 2004 and 2007. The Carriage House is at the north end of the complex, directly north of the Martin House porte-cochere, to the west of the Conservatory.</p><br>
<h3>The Gardener's Cottage</h3><br>
<p>Built in 1909 the Gardeners Cottage is so modest in size that a boxy configuration appears to have been inevitable, contrary to Wrights ideal of opening up the confining "box" of traditional American houses. Nevertheless, Wright managed to create an illusion of the pier and cantilever principle that characterized the Martin House by placing tall rectangular panels at each corner of the building. The gardener was Reuben Polder who had to provide fresh flowers daily for every room in the Martin House, a task which he completed until Darwin Martin died in 1935.</p><br>
<p>The Gardener&#39;s Cottage is on the west side of the complex, at 285 Woodward Avenue, Buffalo.</p><br>
<h3>The Conservatory</h3><br>
<p>Built for plant growing the Conservatory features a glass and metal roof supported by brick piers. A plaster cast of the Winged Victory of Samothrace stands at the entrance and creates a vista through the pergola. The original conservatory was demolished in 1962, and rebuilt between 2004 & 2007 as part of the restoration. The Conservatory is at the north end of the complex between the Carriage House and the Barton House.</p><br>
<h3>The Pergola</h3><br>
<p>The pergola runs from the entrance hall of the Martin House to the entrance of the conservatory, and is about 100 ft (30m) long.</p><br>
<p>The original pergola was demolished in 1962, and was rebuilt between 2004 and 2007. The Pergola is at the center of the complex, running north-south between the Martin House and the Conservatory.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of drawings</h2><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>Following the loss of the family fortune, due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Great Depression, By 1937 the complex had already begun to deteriorate, the walls at the front of the house were crumbling, and the conservatory hadn&#39;t been used for several years due to a leak in the heating system. Over the next two decades, the vacant house was considerably vandalized and deteriorated further. In 1946 the city took control over the property in a tax foreclosure sale.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>(MHRC), founded in 1992, is a non-profit organization with a mandate to restore the complex to its 1907 condition and to open it as a public house museum. The Barton House was purchased on behalf of the MHRC in 1994 and the title to the Martin House was transferred from the University at Buffalo to the MHRC in 2002. The restoration began with the Buffalo firm Hamilton Houston Lownie Architects (HHL) being commissioned to restore the roof of the Martin House. The Gardener&#39;s Cottage was purchased in 2006, and the demolished carriage house, conservatory, and pergola were reconstructed and completed in 2007. The entire restoration is planned to be completed in 2009 or 2010. HHL continue to lead the restoration effort, with the final stages to include the return of or recreation of the art glass windows and furniture that Wright originally designed for the complex.</p><br>
<p>This is the first time that a demolished Wright structure has been rebuilt in the United States.</p><br>
<p>One of Richard Bock&#39;s sculptures, Spring, now located in the Bock Museum at Greenville College, was copied in 2008.</p><br>
<p>Currently the MHRC operate guided public tours and present educational programs for volunteers and the general public. In 2008, the Gardener&#39;s Cottage was finally included on the tours of the complex.</p><br>
<p>The Eleanor & Wilson Greatbatch Pavilion Visitor Center, designed by Toshiko Mori, opened March 12, 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Gallery of photographs</h2><br>
<p>1965</p><br>
<p>2006</p><br>
<p>2007</p><br>
<p>2009</p><br>
<p>Dorchester Heights is the central area of South Boston. It is the highest area in the neighborhood and commands a view of both Boston Harbor and downtown.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Dorchester is remembered in American history for an action in the American Revolutionary War known as the Fortification of Dorchester Heights. After the battles of Lexington and Concord, Revolutionary sentiment within New England reached a new high, and thousands of militiamen from the Northern colonies converged on Boston, pushing the British back within what were then relatively narrow city limits. In June 1775 British soldiers under General William Howe attacked and seized Bunker Hill, but in the process sustained many losses. Following this encounter, the Continental Congress in Philadelphia gave George Washington the title of commander-in-chief and sent him to oversee the Siege of Boston.</p><br>
<p>The stalemate in Boston lasted for months, only breaking when Colonel Henry Knox returned from Fort Ticonderoga in New York, having led a team of sleds loaded with tens of thousands of pounds of artillery (cannon) in winter from the fort across hundreds of miles to Boston. This added artillery gave Washington the firepower needed to make a decisive move. On the night of March 4, 1776, as 800 American soldiers stood guard along the river of Dorchester shores, 1,200 American soldiers occupied Dorchester Heights. They began working through the night to build structures suitable to defend against the British Army. A large portion of the artillery, pulled by oxen, was moved and installed, without being noticed by the British, at Dorchester Heights, a point of strategic importance due to its elevation and commanding view of all of Boston and Boston Harbor.</p><br>
<p>In response, Howe planned a counteroffensive to take the fortified positions on the Heights, but bad weather forced him to reconsider. The Royal Navy evacuated the British Army from Boston on March 17, 1776, along with many Loyalists. March 17 is observed as the holiday Evacuation Day in Suffolk County, Massachusetts.</p><br>
<h2>Panoramic fireworks displays on the Fourth of July</h2><br>
<p>Dorchester Heights is a hilltop, and affords panoramic views of many communities to the south and west of the city. This view is of particular interest on July 4, where after sunset one can watch the official fireworks from over a dozen communities, along with countless amateur displays, as they unfold on the horizon over the course of the evening.</p><br>
<h2>Notable places</h2><br>
<h3>Historic district</h3><br>
<p>A 40 acre area of Dorchester Heights, centered on Thomas Park and the monument was listed as the Dorchester Heights Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001, encompassing the period of residential development of the area beginning in the later decades of the 19th century. The Dorchester Heights monument area was separately listed on the National Register in 1966.</p><br>
<h3>Monument</h3><br>
<p>An area near the top of Telegraph Hill was used as the site of a reservoir to provide water to South Boston in 1849, with water provided from Lake Cochituate in the western suburbs. This reservoir was later filled in and South Boston High School was built on the site in 1901. The rest of the summit of the hill was developed as Thomas Park in the 1850s, a roughly elliptical park with ornamental plantings and walkways. During restoration work in the 1990s, archaeologists uncovered evidence of the Revolutionary War fortifications, previously thought to have been destroyed by the park&#39;s construction.</p><br>
<p>The Dorchester Heights Monument, located at the center of Thomas Park, was completed in 1902 to designs by Boston architects Peabody and Stearns. It is 115 feet (35m) tall, built of Georgia white marble capped with octagonal cupola and weather vane, and is generally reminiscent of a church steeple in the Federal style. The monument is now operated by the National Park Service as part of Boston National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>Chiliomodi  is a village in eastern Corinthia, Peloponnese, Greece. It was the seat of the municipality of Tenea. Chiliomodi is situated in a valley, 3 km southeast of Koutalas, 5 km west of Athikia, 21 km southwest of Corinth and 43 km northeast of Argos. It is on the Greek National Road 7  and on the railway from Corinth to Kalamata. Chiliomodi has several schools, shops and a church. Chiliomodi suffered damage from the 2007 Greek forest fires.</p><br>
<h2>Persons</h2><br>
<p>Kostas Raditsas Headteacher in Hiliomodi Elementary school from 1992</p><br>
<p>Irene Papas (1926-) actress</p><br>
<p>Vasilis Rotas (1889 - 1977) author</p><br>
<p>Manousos Manousakis (1950-) writer, director</p><br>
<p>Nektaria Sofou-Boustris, vocalist for the Journey to Ithaca</p><br>
<p>1000mods, stoner rock band</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Kontariotissa  is a village in the Pieria regional unit of Macedonia, Greece. It is located 9 km south of the Pierian capital, Katerini. The main occupation of the people is growing tobacco. It was the administrative centre of the municipality of Dio. The population was 1,662 people as of 2011.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The settlement dates back to ancient times and was known as Pieris (Greek: Πιερίς) where the name Pieria originates from the ancient tribes of Pieris. The genus name Pieris also originates from the slopes within this area. The name became known as Kontariotissa around the Medieval times. According to one version, its name derives from spears (in Greek: "kontaria"), that were made in the region during the Medieval times. The name Koundouriotissa (Κουντουριώτισσα) is older and stems from "kountouri", which means a wooden plough. Another version says that the name of the village comes from the bob-tailed horses, called "kountoura". The official name of the village is "Kontariotissa" ("Κονταριώτισσα"). Yet another version for the name says that this came from the "holy kontoura", which is angels depicted οn the dome of the Church of Virgin Mary, on the hill with the same name.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Infrastructure</h2><br>
<p>Kontariotissa has a modern surgery, a pharmacy, a small kindergarten school, a Primary School, a Secondary School (including a school for the last three grades of the Secondary Education), two parish churches (Saint Thomas and Saint Paraskevi), town hall (completed in 2006), a square, a senior citizens centre, a football stadium and a farmers union. There is also an active Cultural Association, called "Pieres". The old building of the town hall is set to house a Folkloric Museum. Regarding the sport, the settlement has a local football club, called "Pavlos Melas", established in 1959 and composed of young local players. A namesake basketball association is also active. From March 2009 there is also a medical centre for athletes.</p><br>
<h2>Economy</h2><br>
<p>The economy for about 2,000 people rests on mainly tobacco. On July 1, 2002, a hailstorm devastated crops and farmlands ruining a large part of its production. Today, most of its inhabitants are farmers.</p><br>
<h2>Places of interest</h2><br>
<p>One of the main places that worth visiting is the Byzantine church of the Slumber of Virgin Mary (Naos Kimiseos Theotokou). It has a dome and two chapels on the West aisle and is dating from the beginning of the 11th century, which means it is the oldest post-Byzantine church in Pieria. Some claim that the church is older, dating before the 10th century. There is also a new women&#39;s monastery called Osios Ephraem, built in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient years</h3><br>
<p>Kontariotissa is thought to be located in a place where Pieris, an ancient town where Orpheus and Dionysus were worshiped. The existence of the ancient town is confirmed by Strabo, who wrote on it. The location of Pieris was, according to the dominant claim, todays Kondariotissa where the soil is not rough and this is confirmed from the fact that Dionysus was not a bucolic god, so he didnt need slopes and mountains.</p><br>
<p>Modern authors write on the location of Pieris and they all agree that the town was near today&#39;s Kondariotissa.</p><br>
<p>In the area where ancient Pieris is thought to exist once, in today&#39;s Kontariotissa, ceramics, coins and other findings dated from the ancient Greek and Roman years have been found. In the same place the post-Byzantine church of the Slumber of Virgin Mary is located.</p><br>
<h3>Modern history</h3><br>
<p>Several residents from Kontariotissa took part in the Revolution of Olympus, in 1878, against Turks.</p><br>
<p>Many European travellers visited the settlement. William Martin Leake names it "Andriotissa" and Leon Heuzey writes that at the beginning of the 19th century there were 50 houses and also the estate of Ali Pasha, owned by the bey of Katerini. Tryfon Evangelidis passed through the village, naming it as "Konthouriotissa" (Κονδουριώτισσα) and the same person says that there was an oaktree forest there. He also says about ancient findings excavated near the church of Virgin Mary.</p><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the village is referred as Village Kontourgiotissa (Χωριό Κοντουργιώτισσα), belonging to kaza (administrative division) of Katerini. In 1896 the village came under the jurisdiction of Bishopric of Kitros. The sanjak of Thessaloniki comprised 13 kazas, including this of Katerini. It was an estate with 450 Christian Orthodox residents. In 1912 Katerini was liberated from the Turks. Another village near Kondariotissa, Agios Spyridon belonged to Kondariotissa under the name "Kalyvia Kondouryiotissis". Its population were originated from Walachia and had been living in Saint Athanasios Church since the 19th century. Then they moved to Kserolivado, in Imathia.</p><br>
<p>Regarding the schools, Kondariotissa had 1 Primary School with 1 teacher and 30 students in 1894-1895. In 1930 sources (see Bibliography below), a school is mentioned with 2 teachers and 165 students.</p><br>
<h3>Settling by refugees</h3><br>
<p>In 1924, a new parish was established in Kondariotissa, as people from Yeniköy or Neochori Chilis, fled their - today&#39;s Turkish - village in Asia Minor and came to Kondariotissa to settle. Nearly 80 years later, a column was erected in a square to commemorate this event.</p><br>
<p>Moreover, many residents went to Municipality of Piereis, in todays Kavala regional unit. The name of the Municipality originates from Pieria, which was the first home of todays residents. Those were called "Pieres" (Πίερες, gen. "Piereon" Πιερέων) and they were originated from Pieres of Thrace. The Municipalities of Dion and of Piereis moved to become sister municipalities. Also, in the area where Municipality of Piereon is located, there is a valley called "Pieria".</p><br>
<h2>Tradition</h2><br>
<p>One of the main traditions is the burning of Jude, called Οβρηός (Ovrios). This tradition holds not only in Macedonia but also in other areas of Greece. The tradition is thought to originate from Greek refugees from Asia Minor. Ovrios tradition occurs each year, only on Good Friday, where the Passion of Christ is mourned from Christian Orthodox people outside the church. The stake is prepared by male youths, in the morning of the same day. A puppet dressed in old men&#39;s clothes is erected on a high pole, which recalls Judas and his betrayal at Jesus Christ. People set fire on the puppet and the latter is burnt to nothing. Following those, the Epitaph is displayed.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>J. F. Kaztaridis, Η Μακεδονία κατά την Τουρκοκρατία: Η Πιερία των περιηγητών και των γεωγράφων ( Macedonia during Turkish occupation;Pieria of travellers and geographers), ΜΑΤΙ editions.</p><br>
<p>J. F. Kaztaridis, Κατερίνη: από τη μικρή κώμη στην πολύτροπη πόλη, (Katerini;from a small town to a big city), ΜΑΤΙ editions.</p><br>
<p>Η Μηλιά στη διαδρομή των αιώνων (Milia during the centuries), Report from the Conference of the Kato Milia Cultural Association "I Lazeoi", 7-8 Αpril 2001, ΜΑΤΙ editions.</p><br>
<p>Dion or Dio  is a village and a former municipality in the Pieria regional unit, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform, it is part of the municipality Dio-Olympos, of which it is a municipal unit. It is located at the foot of Mount Olympus.</p><br>
<p>It is best known for its great ancient Macedonian sanctuary of Zeus and city, much of which is visible in the Archaeological Park of Dion and the Archaeological Museum of Dion.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The ancient city owes its name to the most important Macedonian sanctuary dedicated to Zeus (Dios, "of Zeus"), leader of the gods who dwelt on Mount Olympus; as recorded by Hesiod&#39;s Catalogue of Women, Thyia, daughter of Deucalion, bore Zeus two sons, Magnes and Makednos, eponyms of Magnetes and Macedonians, who dwelt in Pieria at the foot of Mount Olympus. Hence from very ancient times, a large altar had been set up for the worship of Olympian Zeus and his daughters, the Muses, in a unique environment characterised by rich vegetation, towering trees, countless springs and a navigable river. For this reason Dion was the "sacred place" of the Ancient Macedonians. It was the place where the kings made splendid sacrifices to celebrate the new year of the Macedonian calendar at the end of September. In the Spring, purification rites of the army and victory feasts were held.</p><br>
<p>The first mention of Dion in history comes from Thucydides, who reports that it was the first city reached by the Spartan general Brasidas after crossing from Thessaly into Macedon on his way through the realm of his ally Perdiccas II during his expedition against the Athenian colonies of Thrace in 424 BC. According to Diodorus Siculus, it was Archelaus I who, at the end of the 5th century BC when the Macedonian state acquired great power and emerged onto the stage of history, gave the city and its sanctuary their subsequent importance by instituting a nine-day festival of games that included athletic and dramatic competitions in honor of Zeus and the Muses, whose organisation was overseen by the Macedonian kings themselves.</p><br>
<p>Philip II and Alexander the Great celebrated victories here, and Alexander assembled his armies and performed magnificent sacrifices here on the eve of his campaign to Asia in 334BC.</p><br>
<p>Many ancient authors speak of the sculptural bronze masterpiece by Lysippos made for Alexander depicting 25 mounted companions who fell at the Battle of the Granicus and later taken to Rome by Metellus.</p><br>
<p>A city was built adjacent to the sacred sites that acquired monumental form during the reigns of Alexander the Great&#39;s successors and Cassander took a great interest in the city erecting strong walls and public buildings, so that in Hellenistic times Dion was renowned far and wide for its fortification and splendid monuments. Dion and its sanctuary was destroyed in 219BC by Aetolian invaders but was immediately rebuilt by Philip V. Many of the dedications from the sanctuary that had been destroyed were buried in pits, including royal inscriptions and treaties, and these have been discovered recently.</p><br>
<p>It fell to the Romans in 169BC and the city was given a new lease of life in 32/31BC when Octavian founded the Colony of COLONIA JULIA AUGUSTA DIENSIS here. It experienced its second heyday during the reigns of 2nd- and 3rd-century AD Roman emperors who were fond of Alexander the Great. Dion&#39;s final important period was in the 4th and 5th centuries AD when it became the seat of a bishopric. It was abandoned following major earthquakes and floods.</p><br>
<p>The modern village at the site was called Malathria until 1961, when it was renamed to Dio.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The site of ancient Dion was first identified by the English traveler William Martin Leake on December 2, 1806, in the ruins adjoining the village of Malathria. He published his discovery in the third volume of his Travels in Northern Greece in 1835. Léon Heuzey visited the site during his famous Macedonian archaeological mission of 1855 and again in 1861 when he also detected the ancient Leivithra. Later, the epigraphist G. Oikonomos published the first series of inscriptions. Nevertheless, systematic archaeological exploration did not begin until 1928. From then until 1931, G. Sotiriadis carried out a series of surveys, uncovering a 4th-century BC Macedonian tomb and an early Christian basilica. Excavations were not resumed until 1960 under the direction of G. Bakalakis in the area of the theatre and the wall. Since 1973, Professor D. Pandermalis of the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki has conducted archaeological research in the city.</p><br>
<p>Dion is the site of a large temple dedicated to Zeus, as well as a series of temples to Demeter and to Isis (the Egyptian goddess was a favorite of Alexander).</p><br>
<p>Excavation of the magnificent House of Dionysos revealed a mosaic of exceptionally fine quality.</p><br>
<p>A rare and unusual find in the museum is a bronze "hydraulis" or hydraulic musical pipe organ found in a former workshop.</p><br>
<p>In 2006, a statue of Hera was found built into the walls of the city. The statue, 2200 years old, had been used by the early Christians of Dion as filling for the city&#39;s defensive wall.</p><br>
<h2>Administration</h2><br>
<p>In October 1992, the municipality Dio (Dimos Diou) was formed. At the 1997 Kapodistrias reform, it was expanded with the former communities Agios Spyridonas, Karitsa, Kondariotissa, Nea Efesos and Vrontou. The administrative center was in the village of Kondariotissa. At the 2011 local government reform Dio merged with the former municipalities East Olympos and Litochoro to form the new municipality Dio-Olympos. Dio became a municipal unit of the newly formed municipality, and the former municipal districts became communities.</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<p>Peacock Sound is an ice-filled sound, 216 km long and 64 km wide, separating Thurston Island from the Eights Coast of Ellsworth Land in Antarctica. The sound is occupied by the western part of the Abbot Ice Shelf, and is therefore not navigable by ships.</p><br>
<p>The feature was discovered by members of the USAS in flights from the ship Bear in February 1940, and was further delineated from air photos taken by US Navy Operation Highjump in December 1946. The sound was first noted to parallel the entire south coast of Thurston Island, thereby establishing insularity, by the USN Bellingshausen Sea Expedition in February 1960. Named after the sloop of war Peacock in which Captain William L. Hudson, in company with the tender Flying Fish under Lt. William M. Walker, both of the USEE, 1838-42, sailed along the edge of the pack ice to the north of Thurston Island for several days in March 1839.</p><br>
<p>Mount Veniaminof is an active stratovolcano on the Alaska Peninsula. The Alaska Volcano Observatory currently rates Veniaminof as Aviation Color Code GREEN and Volcano Alert Level NORMAL as of November, 2017, 2000 . The mountain was named after Ioann  Veniaminov , a Russian Orthodox missionary priest  whose writings on the Aleut language and ethnology are still standard references. He is a saint of the Orthodox Church, known as Saint Innocent for the monastic name he used in later life.</p><br>
<p>The volcano was the site of a colossal (VEI 6) eruption around 1750 BC. This eruption left a large caldera. In modern times the volcano has had numerous small eruptions (over ten of them since 1930), all at a cinder cone in the middle of the caldera.</p><br>
<p>Veniaminof is one of the highest of Alaskan volcanoes. Partly for this reason, it is covered by a glacier that fills most of the caldera. Because of the glacier and the caldera walls, there is the possibility of a major flood from a future glacier run.</p><br>
<p>Pavlof Volcano is a stratovolcano of the Aleutian Range on the Alaska Peninsula. It has been one of the most active in the United States since 1980, with eruptions recorded in 1980, 1981, 1983, 1986–1988, 1996–1997, 2007, 2013, twice in 2014 and most recently in March 2016. Basaltic andesite with SiO2 around 53% is the most common lava type. The volcano is monitored by the Alaska Volcano Observatory- a joint program of the United States Geological Survey , the Geophysical Institute of the University of Alaska Fairbanks , and the State of Alaska Division of Geological and Geophysical Surveys . With a threat score of 95, the threat from future eruptions is considered to be high; much of this threat comes from the possibility of disruption of nearby air routes by large releases of ash. The mountain currently has basic real-time monitoring, but the USGS would like to improve instrumentation at the site. The mountain shares a name with the nearby Pavlof Sister, which last erupted in 1786.</p><br>
<h2>Volcanic activity</h2><br>
<p>After its eruption in 1996, the volcano entered a period of dormancy, the longest it had been dormant since records of its eruptions have been kept. This period ended on August 15, 2007, with the start of a new eruption involving seismic disturbances and a "vigorous eruption of lava." Scientists said that the volcano "could be working toward a massive eruption that could affect air travel but was not expected to threaten any of the towns in the area." The eruption ended on September 13. The volcano erupted again on May 13, 2013, but activity had greatly diminished by July 3, 2013, and on August 8, 2013, the Current Volcano Alert Level was reduced to NORMAL and the Current Aviation Color Code reduced to GREEN.</p><br>
<p>A low-level eruption began on May 31, 2014. On June 2 seismic activity intensified and officials raised the alert level from "Watch" to "Warning" and the aviation color code from "Orange" to "Red" after pilots in the area reported an ash plume that reached as high as 22,000 feet above sea level.</p><br>
<p>A new eruption began on March 27, 2016, sending an ash cloud to 37,000 feet above sea level, extending 400 miles NE. The volcano gave 25 minutes warning before the onset of the eruption. The alert level was raised to "Warning" and the aviation color code was raised to "Red", which indicates incoming eruption with high levels of ash. The nearby village of Nelson Lagoon was coated with tephra during the powerful eruption. The volcano stopped emitting ash clouds on March 31, 2016.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing history</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded ascent of Pavlof Volcano was on June 27, 1928, by T. A. Jagger, J. Gardiner, O. P. McKinley, P. A. Yatchmenoff and R. H. Stewart, although "speculation surrounds this ascent, which was recounted in National Geographic." The straightforward nature of the climb suggests that an earlier unrecorded ascent may have occurred. The second ascent was in June 1950 by T. P. Bank.</p><br>
<p>The main challenge of climbing this peak is its remoteness and the consequent difficulty of access. The peak is a 30 mi journey from the north side of Cold Bay. The climb itself is a straightforward snow climb, and the ski descent is recommended.</p><br>
<p>Knivskjellodden or Knivskjelodden is a peninsula located in Nordkapp Municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. It is the northernmost point on the island of Magerøya in Northern Norway. It is sometimes considered the northernmost point of the entire continent of Europe. The nearby Kinnarodden on the Nordkinn Peninsula is the northernmost point on the mainland. The northernmost point of the country Norway is in fact Rossøya, in Svalbard, far north.</p><br>
<p>Knivskjellodden can only be reached on foot, after a 9 km long hike from a parking area near the European route E69 highway (71.122&deg; latitude, 25.71&deg; longitude), 6 km south of North Cape.</p><br>
<p>Travel agencies that organize trips for unaware tourists often advertise the North Cape as the northern extremity of Europe, but this is not true as the Knivskjellodden is 1,450 meters more north.</p><br>
<p>Pen y Fan is the highest peak in south Wales, situated in the Brecon Beacons National Park. At 886 m above sea-level, it is also the highest British peak south of Cadair Idris in Snowdonia. The twin summits of Pen y Fan and Corn Du at 873 m  were formerly referred to as Cadair Arthur or Arthurs Seat&#39;.</p><br>
<p>The mountain and surrounding area are owned by the National Trust whose work parties attempt to combat the erosion caused by the passage of thousands of feet up and down this most popular of South Wales peaks. The mountain is used by the military as part of the selection process of the UKs Special Forces personnel. Three soldiers who died after collapsing in the field in July 2013 were believed to have been climbing the mountain (see "Fan Dance") while undergoing Special Air Service selection.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The peak is a major objective in the Beacons Way, a long distance footpath which passes from east to west across the massif.The peak also features in many walks, charity runs as well as being popular with the public for its ease of access via a well made and evenly graded footpath from the Storey Arms on the main road A470 some 1500 feet below. The entire range is open to all walkers and ramblers, although the well engineered paths form the best ways across the peaks, especially on the steep slopes behind the main peak and across to Cribyn. They are also the safest routes in poor weather, such as mist, rain and snow or ice.</p><br>
<h2>Storey Arms</h2><br>
<p>The Storey Arms is an outdoor education centre beside the A470, the main trunk road between the north and south of Wales, in the Brecon Beacons National Park near Libanus, Powys, Wales. Run by Cardiff City Council since 1971, the residential centre can accommodate up to 58 people. Its activities include kayaking and canoeing, caving, hill walking, rock climbing and white water rafting. The centre is at 440 m above sea-level, along the pass between Pen y Fan and Fan Fawr, at the foot of Corn Du. It takes its name from a large coaching inn with a pitched slate roof (named after a local landowner, Storey Maskelyne), which was demolished in 1924. The site of the original inn is east of the centre, beyond the Pont ar Daf car park.</p><br>
<p>Buses stop on either side of the A470 outside the centre.</p><br>
<p>The car park at Pont ar Daf, 200 m from the Storey Arms centre, is the most popular access point for tourists and walkers to Pen y Fan. The car park, which has space for around 50 cars, is owned by the Welsh Government. Toilet facilities are available at the site.</p><br>
<p>A footpath connects the Storey Arms centre, bus stops and the Pont ar Daf car park to the path leading to Corn Du and Pen y Fan.</p><br>
<h2>Summit</h2><br>
<p>The summit lies on a ridge stretching from Talybont Reservoir in the east, to the A470. About 0.5 km to the south-west lies the subsidiary top of Corn Du, beyond which the terrain drops at a moderate angle to the subsidiary top of Y Gyrn then more steeply to the Storey Arms on the A470. To the east, the ridge drops steeply to the col connecting it to Cribyn, the next mountain along the ridge. From Corn Du, a ridge with an inner escarpment descends south towards Merthyr Tydfil.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>The summit is marked by a well preserved and structured Bronze Age cairn with a central stone cist, similar to that on the nearby summit of Corn Du. The grave is fitted with a series of concentric stone kerbs to protect the central mound from slippage. The cist is a box formed by vertical stone slabs near the centre of the barrow, and it is currently occupied by the National Trust sign, but will have originally held the ashes or other remnants of a dead person or persons since multiple burials together are common in the British Bronze Age. It also held grave goods left with the human remains, such as flint tools, cinerary urns, or flower tributes. The similar round barrow on Fan Foel was excavated in 2002-4 and revealed such items in the central cist, the flowers being those of meadowsweet.</p><br>
<h2>Name</h2><br>
<p>The name Pen y Fan consists of the Welsh words pen (top, head, peak, summit, etc.), y (the) and fan, a mutated form of ban (summit, crest, peak, beacon, hill, mountain, etc.). The same noun ban, in its plural form bannau, is found in the Welsh name for the Brecon Beacons: Bannau Brycheiniog. There is no one standard translation of Pen y Fan, but the mountains peak or the beacons summit are both possible translations.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Pen y Fan is formed from various units of the Old Red Sandstone which were laid down during the Devonian period. The lower slopes of the mountain are formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Senni Formation whilst the upper slopes are formed from those of the Brownstones Formation. The very summit, like that of neighbouring Corn Du, is composed of hard-wearing sandstones of the Plateau Beds Formation. The beds of sandstone dip gently southwards towards the South Wales Coalfield basin.</p><br>
<p>The Brecon Beacons nurtured their own glaciers during the last ice age and both Cwm Llwch and Cwm Sere were excavated by glaciers which grew in the lee of the high ground. Llyn Cwm Llwch occupies a glacially excavated rock hollow and the lake is partly dammed by a late-glacial moraine.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is the highest point within the Fforest Fawr Geopark which was established in 2005 to promote economic development, particularly sustainable tourism, based on the area&#39;s geological heritage.</p><br>
<h2>Tommy Jones' Obelisk</h2><br>
<p>Near the route from the Storey Arms (once a coaching inn on the Brecon to Merthyr road) to the summit is a memorial granite obelisk, with an inscription which reads: "This obelisk marks the spot where the body of Tommy Jones aged 5 was found. He lost his way between Cwm Llwch Farm and the Login on the night of August 4, 1900. After an anxious search of 29 days his remains were discovered Sept. Erected by voluntary subscriptions. W Powell Price Mayor of Brecon 1901."</p><br>
<p>Tommy was the son of a Rhondda coal miner, and had been visiting his grandparents at the time. He died from exhaustion and hypothermia or exposure. How a small boy managed to climb so high remains a mystery.</p><br>
<p>The obelisk, a useful landmark in misty conditions, was paid for by the proceeds of a memorial fund started when the jurors at the boy’s inquest waived their fees.</p><br>
<p>The search was used as the theme of the 1980 film, Tommy Jones.</p><br>
<h2>Panorama</h2><br>
<p>From the summit on a clear day the Bristol Channel (including the islands of Flat Holm and Steep Holm), Carmarthen Bay, Swansea Bay, the Gower Peninsula, the Black Mountains, the Cambrian Mountains, Exmoor, the town of Brecon and much of Mid Wales and the South Wales Valleys, and in a north-easterly direction the Clee Hills in South Shropshire can be seen.</p><br>
<p>Aran Fawddwy is a mountain in southern Snowdonia, Wales, United Kingdom. It is the only peak in Wales outside North Snowdonia above 900m, and higher than anywhere in Great Britain outside Northern Snowdonia, the Scottish Highlands  and the Lake District. The nearest urban centres to the mountain are Dinas Mawddwy to the south, Llanymawddwy to the southeast, Llanuwchllyn on the shores of Bala Lake to the north, and Rhydymain to the west.</p><br>
<p>The nearest settlements with more than 1,500 people are Bala and Dolgellau. On the eastern slopes of Aran Fawddwy is the small lake named Creiglyn Dyfi, the source of the River Dyfi. Its sister peak is Aran Benllyn at 885 m. There is also a middle peak- Erw y Ddafad-ddu.</p><br>
<p>A cairn is placed on the eastern ridge as a memorial to RAF Mountain Rescue team member Michael Robert Aspain who was struck and killed by lightning in 1960.</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>Aran Fawddwy is best ascended from Cywarch in the south, although a longer ridge climb is possible from the Bala side.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Aran Fawddwy, which is only 9.5 m short of being a member of the Welsh 3000s, is the highest peak in the Aran mountain range and the 16th highest summit in Wales. The other two Marilyns in this range are Glasgwm and Esgeiriau Gwynion.</p><br>
<p>It is the highest British mountain south of Snowdon and is the principal summit of the predominant southwest-northeast ridge between Dolgellau and Bala, southern Snowdonia, a ridge that continues westwards as Cadair Idris.</p><br>
<p>Taum Sauk Mountain in the Saint Francois Mountains is the highest natural point in the USA state of Missouri at 1,772 feet .</p><br>
<p>The topography of Taum Sauk is that of a somewhat flat ridge rather than a peak.</p><br>
<p>While relatively low in terms of elevation at 1,772 feet (540 m) compared to other peaks, Taum Sauk and the St. Francois range are true mountains, being the result of a volcanic orogeny. Whereas vertical relief in the rest of the Ozarks region is the result of erosion of sedimentary strata, the St. Francois are an ancient Precambrian igneous uplift several times older than the Appalachians. Geologists believe that Taum Sauk and its neighbors may be among the few areas in the US never to have been submerged in ancient seas. The peaks of the St. Francois range existed as islands in the shallow seaway throughout most of the Paleozoic Era as the sandstones, limestones, and shales typical of the Ozarks were deposited. Weathering and erosion of these ancient peaks provided the clastic sediments of the surrounding rock layers.</p><br>
<p>Taum Sauk is said to be named for a Piankeshaw chief named Sauk-Ton-Qua.</p><br>
<p>Though Taum Sauk Mountain is the highest mountain in Missouri, it is not the most prominent. Taum Sauk rises 522 ft from an already elevated base.</p><br>
<p>Mudlick Mountain rises 693 ft from a lower base to an elevation of 1,313 ft. Black Mountain, in Madison County, has the highest rise in elevation in Missouri. From its base, along the St. Francis River (540 feet above sea level) to its summit (1,502 feet above sea level), Black Mountain rises just under 1,000 feet in elevation from the valley below.</p><br>
<h2>State park</h2><br>
<p>In 1991 Missouri created Taum Sauk Mountain State Park, a 7,448 acre state park on the mountain: it has a rustic campground, a paved trail to the highpoint marked by a polished granite plaque, and a lookout tower from which a good view can be had; the dense forest on the mountain obscures the view from most other vantage points. Taum Sauk State Park is in a common jurisdiction with nearby Johnson&#39;s Shut-ins State Park, and together they comprise the second largest state park in Missouri with a total area of 15,961.5 acre. These parks and the adjacent Bell Mountain Wilderness Area make up part of a large wilderness area that is very popular with hikers and backpackers. The 33 mi Taum Sauk section of the Ozark Trail is considered by the Ozark Trail Association to be one of the finest trails in Missouri.</p><br>
<p>Mina Sauk Falls, the highest waterfall in Missouri, is on Taum Sauk and can be visited by hiking a rugged trail that makes a 3 mi loop from the highpoint parking area. These falls normally have water cascading over them only during times of wet weather. At other times they are reduced to a trickle or less.</p><br>
<p>The Taum Sauk pumped storage plant, which failed on December 14, 2005 sending a flash flood 20 feet (6 m) deep down the Black River, is not actually on Taum Sauk Mountain. It is on Proffit Mountain, about five miles (8 km) southwest.</p><br>
<p>Cadair Idris or Cader Idris is a mountain in Gwynedd, Wales, which lies at the southern end of the Snowdonia National Park near the town of Dolgellau. The peak, which is one of the most popular in Wales for walkers and hikers, is composed largely of Ordovician igneous rocks, with classic glacial erosion features such as cwms, moraines, striated rocks, and roches moutonnées.</p><br>
<h2>Etymology</h2><br>
<p>Cadair Idris means Idriss Chair&#39;. Idris is usually taken to be the name of a giant or, alternatively, it may refer to Idris ap Gwyddno (or Gweiddno), a 7th-century prince of Meirionnydd who won a battle against the Irish on the mountain. Idris ap Gwyddno was in fact referred to as Idris Gawr ("Idris the Giant") in some mediaeval genealogies of Meirionydd.</p><br>
<p>The basic meaning of the word cadair (Middle Welsh/Early Modern Welsh kadeir or cadeir) is seat, chair (borrowed from the Latin cathedra chair). In place names cadair can mean stronghold, fort, fortress or mountain or hill shaped like a chair. The spelling cader represents a spoken variant of the standard form cadair.</p><br>
<p>It appears that Cadair/Cadeir Idris is the form used in the earliest Welsh-language sources. In a poem in his own hand in the second half of the fifteenth century, the poet Lewys Glyn Cothi wrote Dros gadair idris gedy (and then over Cadair Idris). Around 1600, John Jones of Gellilyfdy referred to y mynydh neu bhan neu bhoel a elwir Cadeir Idris (the mountain, peak or hill known as Cadeir Idris.</p><br>
<p>The spoken form represented by cader had developed by the end of the Middle Ages and as a result the form Cader Idris was often used in English and Latin documents at that time and in more recent documents in English and Welsh.</p><br>
<p>In his Dictionarum Duplex published in 1632, John Davies of Mallwyd differentiated between the two words cadair (chair) and cader (fort, fortress), referring to Cader Idris and Cader Ddinmael. That interpretation was followed by some later lexicographers, including Thomas Charles and Titus Lewis. It is now accepted, however, that cader is a spelling of a spoken form of cadair, and that there is no evidence that cadair and cader are separate words. But as it represents the pronunciation in the local dialect, the spelling Cader Idris is often seen in Welsh and English, and in June 2016 Snowdonia National Park decided to adopt that spelling on its signage, despite advice from the Welsh Language Commissioner and from Park officers, who favoured Cadair. The local dialect form is also seen in the name of the local secondary school, Ysgol y Gader. The name of the mountain is typically spelt Cadair Idris on current maps. The summit of the mountain is known as Penygader ("top of the chair/stronghold").</p><br>
<h2>Ascent</h2><br>
<p>There are three main trails that lead to the top of Cadair Idris. The summit, which is covered in scree, is marked by a trig point. There is also a low-standing stone shelter with a roof.</p><br>
<h3>Pony Path</h3><br>
<p>The Pony Path (Welsh: Llwybr Pilin Pwn), which begins in the north from either Dolgellau or the Mawddach estuary, is the easiest but the longest of the main trails. Its length from the mountain&#39;s base is 5 km with a 600 m climb.</p><br>
<h3>Fox's Path</h3><br>
<p>The Foxs Path (Welsh: Llwybr Madyn),This is the most direct way to the summit as the trail leads straight up the northern face. The 3.8 km ascent involves a climb up a 310 m cliff-scree face. However, this part of the Foxs Path has been heavily eroded in recent years making the descent dangerous.</p><br>
<h3>Minffordd Path</h3><br>
<p>The Minffordd Path (Welsh: Llwybr Minffordd) starts on the southern side of the mountain near the glacial Tal-y-llyn Lake. Hikers using this ascent climb past Llyn Cau and along the rim of Craig Cau (rockwall) to Penygadair. Its length is 4.4 km and involves two climbs of over 300 m.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The crater-like shape of Llyn Cau has given rise to the occasional mistaken claim that Cadair Idris is an extinct volcano. This theory was discounted as early as 1872, when Charles Kingsley commented in his book Town Geology :</p><br>
<p>The natural bowl-shaped depression was formed by a cirque glacier during the last ice age when snow and ice accumulated in the corries due to avalanches on higher slopes. In these depressions, snow persisted through summer months, and becomes glacial ice. The cirque was up to a square kilometre in size surrounded on three sides by steep cliffs. The highest cliff was the headwall. The fourth side was the "lip" from which the glacier flowed away from the cirque. Over thousands of years ice flowed out through the bowl&#39;s opening carving the chair of Cadair Idris.</p><br>
<p>As the glacier eroded the lip down to the bedrock, there are several tear-drop shaped hills above the edge of Llyn Cau. These geologically important rocky outcrops are called roche moutonnée (sheep-like rock) and were formed from the abrasive action of the ice. The two highest lakes are Llyn Cau and Llyn y Gader, it appears to have a maximum depth of about 13 m.</p><br>
<p>Much of the area around Cadair Idris was designated a National Nature Reserve in 1957, and is home to Arctic–alpine plants such as purple saxifrage and dwarf willow.</p><br>
<h2>Myths, legends and popular culture</h2><br>
<p>There are numerous legends about Cadair Idris. Some nearby lakes are supposed to be bottomless, and anyone who sleeps on its slopes alone will supposedly awaken either a madman or a poet. This tradition (of sleeping on the summit of the Mountain) apparently stems from bardic traditions, where bards would sleep on the mountain in hope of inspiration.</p><br>
<p>Although the mountain&#39;s name is typically taken to refer to the mythological giant Idris, who was said to have been skilled in poetry, astronomy and philosophy, an idea used by author Susan Cooper in her book The Grey King. However, this translation is mistaken and there is no etymological or traditional connection between Idris and Arthur.</p><br>
<p>In Welsh mythology, Cadair Idris is also said to be one of the hunting grounds of Gwyn ap Nudd and his Cŵn Annwn. The howling of these huge dogs foretold death to anyone who heard them, the pack sweeping up that person&#39;s soul and herding it into the underworld.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is mentioned several times and is used as a backdrop to the story of Mary Jones and her Bible. This story is an account of a girl from Llanfihangel-y-Pennant at the foot of the mountain who walked 25 miles to Bala in order to buy a bible, which were scarce at the time. Jones&#39; determined journey to get hold of a copy of the book in 1800 was a major factor behind the foundation of the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1804.</p><br>
<p>Cadair Idris is where Will Herondale journeys to in order to attempt to rescue Tessa Gray, his love, from the evil Mortmain in Clockwork Princess, book three of The Infernal Devices by Cassandra Clare.</p><br>
<p>In "The Raven Cycle" by Maggie Stiefvater, Cadair Idris is mentioned in relation to Owain Glyndwr.</p><br>
<p>"Tongues of fire on Idris flaring" is mentioned in the opening verse of the John Guard version of Men of Harlech.</p><br>
<p>Galaxidi or Galaxeidi , is a town and a former municipality in the southern part of Phocis, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Delphi, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 126.088 km.</p><br>
<p>Galaxidi has a small harbor on the north coast of the Gulf of Corinth. It is 7 km southwest of Itea, 15 km southwest of Delphi, 17 km south of Amfissa and 48 km east of Naupactus. The Greek National Road 48 connects Galaxidi with Naupactus, Itea and Delphi. Galaxidi is a 2.5h to 3h drive from the capital Athens and a relatively popular weekend retreat.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Ancient Haleion</h3><br>
<p>Modern Galaxidi is built on the site of ancient Haleion, a city of western Locris. Traces of habitation are discernible since prehistoric times with a peak in the Early Helladic Period (Anemokambi, Pelekaris, Kefalari, islet of Apsifia). A significant Mycenaean settlement has been located at Villa; the hill of St. Athanasios also revealed a fortified Geometric settlement (ca. 700 BC). In the Archaic and Classical periods (7th-4th centuries BC) was developed the administrative and religious centre at the modern site of Agios Vlasis. It seems that in ca. 300 BC the present site was settled and surrounded by a fortification wall; it is the period of the expansion of power of the Aetolian League. Haleion flourished throughout the Hellenistic and Roman periods until the 2nd century AD.</p><br>
<h3>Middle Ages</h3><br>
<p>Galaxidi is mentioned for the first time in the late 10th century (981 or 996), when it was destroyed in a raid by the Bulgarians under Tsar Samuel. The inhabitants fled to the offshore islands, and the town was not settled again until 50 years later. The most important harbour of the Gulf of Itea alongside Krissa, the town was again devastated by the Norman invasions of 1081 and 1147.</p><br>
<p>After the Fourth Crusade (1204) it came under the control of the Frankish Lordship of Salona, but was recovered by the Greek Despotate of Epirus in 1211. The town remained under Epirote control until the division of the realm in, when it passed under the rule of John I Doukas, ruler of Thessaly. In 1311 it was conquered, along with Salona, by the Catalan Company. It was captured by the Ottomans in 1397, but was regained shortly after by the Despotate of the Morea under Theodore I Palaiologos. In 1403 it was ceded briefly to the Knights Hospitaller. In 1447/8 it was refortified by Constantine Kantakouzenos, but this did not prevent its final capture by the Ottomans shortly after.</p><br>
<h3>Ottoman period</h3><br>
<p>Ottoman presence in the settlement was minimal, the majority of the inhabitants consisting of Orthodox Christians. The city flourished due to the development of maritime trade in the 18th century. The commercial exchanges with the West, particularly for the agricultural products of Corinthia and the Corinthian Gulf in general triggered the development of a local commercial fleet, taking advantage also of the exquisite natural port of Galaxidi. Particularly after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (1774), many of the ship owners of Galaxidi operated under the Russian flag.</p><br>
<h3>Independence</h3><br>
<p>Despite their privileged position, the inhabitants joined immediately forces with the revolutionaries at the Greek War for Independence of 1821 and their city was destroyed twice by the Ottoman army, namely in 1821 and in 1825-6. It recovered, however, and in the course of the 19th century it thrived as a commercial and maritime centre, a fact attested also by the spacious and luxurious houses of the traditional settlement.</p><br>
<p>Until the late 19th century, Galaxidi had a sizeable merchant marine fleet and was a prosperous commercial centre. This is reflected in the size and style of the local buildings. Preservation of the traditional architecture has facilitated the growth of tourism in recent decades. The marine museum contains exhibits from this period.</p><br>
<p>In recent years commercial fish farming has been developing.</p><br>
<h2>The Chronicle of Galaxidi</h2><br>
<p>In the Monastery of Sotir, on a hill just outside the city, the Greek ethnographer and scholar Constantine Sathas discovered in 1864 a manuscript containing the “Chronicle of Galaxidi”, written in 1703 by the monk Euthymios; it constituted the only source for the history of Phocis from the medieval period to the year of its composition.</p><br>
<h2>Town layout</h2><br>
<p>Galaxidi is a small port situated on a natural double harbour surrounded by mountains. The deeper main harbour provides docking facilities for yachts and small fishing boats and is lined with restaurants, bars, and stores. The smaller harbour is Chirolaka.</p><br>
<p>On the rocky shoreline by the side of the larger harbour, is a pine forest planted by school children in the early twentieth century. There is a road behind the town that leads up the mountain to the Monastery of the Metamorphosis (actually a convent that was inhabited by one nun as of 2010). This provides a splendid view of the town and its surroundings.</p><br>
<p>No traces remain of the town&#39;s medieval castle. The Church of Saint John of Jerusalem, built by the Hospitallers in 1404, survived until after World War I, when it was replaced by a modern church dedicated to Saint Nicholas.</p><br>
<h2>Subdivisions</h2><br>
<p>The municipal unit Galaxidi consists of the following communities:</p><br>
<p>Agioi Pantes</p><br>
<p>Galaxidi</p><br>
<p>Penteoria</p><br>
<p>Vounichora</p><br>
<h2>Historical population</h2><br>
<h2>Sites of interest</h2><br>
<p>In an old mansion of Galaxidi are situated two museums: the Archaeological Collection and the Maritime and Historical Museum of Galaxidi. The building was constructed in ca 1870, in order to shelter the Girls&#39; School, the Town Hall and the Police department. It was continuously used as such until 1979, whereas already since 1932 it sheltered the school of weaving and handcrafts</p><br>
<h3>Archaeological Collection of Galaxidi</h3><br>
<p>The Archaeological Collection of Galaxidi is under the directorate of the Ephorate of Antiquities of Phocis. The collection was established in 1932 in order to host antiquities found and donated by citizens as well as excavation finds from the regions in and around Galaxeidi.</p><br>
<p>The exhibition is organised in three main themes: (a) Private and daily life, (b) Trade and maritime activity and (c) Cemeteries. It focuses on the educational aspects as the finds are accompanied by pictures and texts, revealing the history of ancient Haleion, the precursor of Galaxeidi.</p><br>
<p>The settlements represented in the first window case are Dexameni, Kefalari, Apsifia and Anemokambi; the Early Helladic period (3200-1900 B.C.)of Haleion itself is also represented. Among the exhibits stand out Mycenaean vessels (three-eared pithoid amphora, stirrup jar and pyxis) and Geometric vessels from the cemetery of Agios Athanasios.</p><br>
<p>In the next case are exhibited finds from the city of Haleion (Galaxeidi) itself. The city wall, dating to the period of the Aetolian League delimited the settlement and made it one of the best protected ports of the Corinthian gulf. At Heroon Square there was excavated a cemetery rich in finds, which reveal aspects of the daily life in Haleion. Among the finds stands out a black glazed kantharos, two lagynoi, some spindle-shaped unguentaria and terracotta lamps. To the Archaic period (7th century BC) date cotylae with angular handles, aryballoi and pyxides originating from Corinth and other vessels. Attic pottery is also represented through black-figure cylixes and lekythoi and two black-glazed kantharoi. Particularly interesting is the red-figured pelike with the representation of a man wearing the himation, supported by a stick and talking to a young man, also wearing the himation (2nd quarter of the 5th century B.C.).This is a type quite common as a similar one is exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Amphissa and one in the Archaeological Museum of Messenia, found in Nihoria.</p><br>
<p>Seven glass vessels represent the glassmaking of the 1st century A.D. Among them stands out a cast cup, bearing the inscription “Be happy in everything that you participate at”.</p><br>
<p>From the womans world are displayed mainly beauty items, such as the two bronze mirrors, pieces of bronze Geometric jewelry and a remarkable pendant in the form of a head of Ammon Zeus probably dating to the Roman period. Household weaving, one of the basic womens activities, is attested by numerous clay loom weights one of which bears the name “Agesiou”.</p><br>
<p>The case opposite to the entrance comprises clay figurines and metal vessels and tools from the site Akona or Ankona. They are mainly busts, seated figures and standing figures with a tall headcover holding a bird in her chest.</p><br>
<p>More than 100 bronze vessels and utensils from Galaxeidi are found scattered in 15 museums in America and Europe. They have all been illegally exported in the 19th century. In 1973 these vessels were identified through the discovery of a bell-shaped lekythos and a tall handle, which reminded of the two lekythoi of the British Museum and the one in Edinburgh which bear the indication “Galaxeidi”.</p><br>
<p>In a corner case is displayed a globular amphora of the Late Early Helladic II period</p><br>
<p>(2400-2200 B.C.) from Anemokambi, covered entirely with shells&#39; residues. In a compartment with sand on the floor have been placed seven commercial amphoras for transportation of wine, dated in various periods and coming from different regions (Corinth, Corfu, Cnidus, Hellensitic of the 1st century B.C., Aegean type of the 5th-6th century A.D).</p><br>
<p>At the end of the hall are displayed finds from Agios Athanasios (Geometric period) and from the town of Galaxeidi itself (Classical-Roman period). Part of a Roman marble statue and a funerary relief as well as three inscribed funerary stele of the late Hellenistic period are displayed.</p><br>
<p>Geometric pottery comprises mainly skyphoi and wine jugs from Corinth as well as other vessels. The Hellenistic pottery comprises lagynoi, Corinthian kantharoi, miniature lekythoi,etc. Among the Roman vessels stands out one with the pattern of a gladiator, another one with a cupid and a third one with the depiction of a female figure, holding torches and bearing a crescent on the head, possibly an incarnation of the Night.</p><br>
<h3>Maritime Museum of Galaxidi</h3><br>
<p>Maritime Museum of Galaxidi, a museum which includes the Chronicle of Galaxidi which was published by Konstantinos Sathas in 1865. It used to serve as a town hall for Galaxidi.</p><br>
<h2>Flour Wars</h2><br>
<p>The Carnival Season in Greece ends with the celebration of Clean Monday which coincides with the beginning of the Greek Orthodox Lent. On that particular day the custom of Alevromoutzouroma (Αλευρομουτζούρωμα, literally Flour Smudging, or else Flour Wars), takes place in Galaxidi. The origins of the custom are unclear, however it appears in its current form since the mid-19th century.</p><br>
<p>Around noon, locals and visitors of all ages dressed up in old clothes rendezvous at a predefined location where flour is distributed in large quantities. Various types of coloring is added for effect while people paint their faces with charcoal. Then they march to the harbor which is usually split into a war zone and a neutral zone for the observers and the fight begins. The participants throw each other (and to unsuspected bystanders) colored flour until essentially they run out of supplies.</p><br>
<p>The event often attracts media coverage.</p><br>
<h2>Notable people</h2><br>
<p>Constantine Sathas</p><br>
<p>Spyros Vassiliou, artist</p><br>
